运算动量效应的理论解释及其发展性预测因素

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02777

心理科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12): 2777-2788.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02777

运算动量效应的理论解释及其发展性预测因素

张雯¹^,²^,³, 董亓易如¹, 龚丽娟¹, 尚琪¹, 程琛⁴^,⁵(), 丁雪辰¹^,⁶()

¹上海师范大学心理学系, 上海 200234
²中国科学院行为科学重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所), 北京 100101
³中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049
⁴波士顿大学心理与脑科学系, 波士顿 02460
⁵香港科技大学社会科学部, 香港 999077
⁶上海市中小学在线教育研究基地, 上海 200234

收稿日期:2021-12-13 出版日期:2022-12-15 发布日期:2022-09-23
通讯作者: 程琛,丁雪辰 E-mail:ccheng10@bu.edu;dingxuechen_psy@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(32000756);上海市教育委员会科研创新计划重大项目(2019-01-07-00-02-E00005);上海师范大学学术创新团队建设计划

The theoretical accounts and developmental predictors of operational momentum effect

ZHANG Wen¹^,²^,³, DONG Qiyiru¹, GONG Lijuan¹, SHANG Qi¹, CHENG Chen⁴^,⁵(), DING Xuechen¹^,⁶()

¹Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
²CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
³Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston 02460, USA
⁵Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
⁶The Research Base of Online Education for Shanghai Middle and Primary Schools, Shanghai 200234, China

Received:2021-12-13 Online:2022-12-15 Published:2022-09-23
Contact: CHENG Chen,DING Xuechen E-mail:ccheng10@bu.edu;dingxuechen_psy@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

了解运算偏差的形成与发展对探索算数运算系统的内在机制具有重要意义, 早期的算数运算能力是儿童理解和进行复杂数学运算的基础。运算动量偏差是指个体在进行基本数学运算时倾向于高估加法运算结果而低估减法运算结果的一种运算偏差, 主要包括三种理论解释, 即注意转移假说、启发式解释和压缩解释。鉴于运算动量效应在成年群体中相对稳定却在不同发展阶段儿童中存在不一致的证据, 数学能力的提高与空间注意的成熟可结合不同的理论解释来阐明儿童发展过程中运算动量效应的变化趋势。未来可以进一步整合多种研究任务以揭示运算动量效应的发展轨迹, 考察数量表征系统与运算动量效应间的关联, 探究运算动量效应在不同运算符号中的稳定性, 探讨不同因素共同作用对运算动量效应的影响, 并设计有关数学能力的干预措施以减少运算动量效应这一运算偏差。

关键词: 运算动量效应, 注意转移假说, 启发式解释, 压缩解释

Abstract:

As a fundamental mathematical skill, approximate arithmetic is one of the critical abilities in daily life to represent and operate on the numerosity of objects approximately. Investigating how arithmetic bias is formed and developed is important to understand the underlying mechanism of arithmetic operation. When performing arithmetic operations, individuals tend to overestimate outcomes in addition and underestimate outcomes in subtraction, such estimation bias is called the Operational Momentum (OM) effect. Currently there were three mainstream theoretical accounts (i.e., attentional shift account, heuristic account, compression account). The main differences among these three accounts are whether the spatial-numerical association is invoked and how deeply the numerical elements are processed. The attentional shift account, as the most recognized explanation mechanism, argues that the OM effect is due to spatial shifts of attention along the mental number line. When calculating and estimating numerosities, individuals first map the first operand onto the mental number line, then, according to the kind of the operation sign, the attentional focus was shifted to a new location on the mental number line with the distance of the representation of second operand on the mental number line. When performing mental arithmetic, the mental representation usually shifts positively on the mental number line along the direction of operation sign, therefore, the outcome is represented larger in addition and multiplication and smaller in subtraction and division (Katz & Knops, 2014; McCrink et al., 2007). The heuristic account is firstly used to explain the findings of the OM effect in infants, which assumes that individuals use intuitive operational logic and adopt a simple heuristic to solve the mathematical problems: addition indicates larger outcomes and subtraction indicates smaller outcomes. The compression account assumes that the OM effect is the result of the necessary compression and decompression process on the logarithmic compression of the mental number line. This account is still in the theoretical stage and needs more empirical work to verify. Furthermore, the three accounts are not mutually exclusive - some findings suggested the OM effect can be explained by multiple accounts.
Early arithmetic is fundamental to the acquisition of complex mathematical concepts and advanced arithmetic operations. By reviewing recent findings of the OM effect in early development, we found many studies have demonstrated the OM effect in infants (Cassia et al., 2016, 2017; McCrink & Wynn, 2009), but it remained puzzled in later development as work in children have shown inconsistent findings. As age increases, research work with 6- to 7-year-old children observed an inverse OM effect (Knops et al., 2013), however, adult-consistent OM effect has been found in 7- to 12-year-old children and the OM effect monotonically increased with age (Jang & Cho, 2022; Pinheiro-Chagas et al., 2018). Together these show a U-shaped developmental trend in OM effect between preschoolers and school-age children. This trend may be related to the improvement of the mathematical ability and the maturation of the spatial attention. Specially, with the acquisition of the mathematical knowledge, preschool children’s mathematical ability would improve, the knowledge of the counting principle and other related mathematical concepts appear to influence the performance of the arithmetic computations. Meanwhile, the maturation of the spatial attention may influence the mapping of numerical representations onto the mental number line therefore influences the OM effect.
Given the importance of the underlying mechanism of the OM effect on understanding the arithmetic operation in development, future research in developmental field should investigate: 1) the developmental trajectory of the OM effect with multiple paradigms and techniques; 2) the role of the Approximate Number System in the origin and development of the OM effect; 3) generalizability of the OM effect in complex arithmetic or even algebraic operations; 4) the joint effect of various factors (e.g., mathematical abilities and spatial attention) on the OM effect; and 5) the intervention for arithmetic bias.

Key words: operational momentum effect, attentional shift account, heuristic account, compression account

中图分类号:

B849: G44

张雯, 董亓易如, 龚丽娟, 尚琪, 程琛, 丁雪辰. (2022). 运算动量效应的理论解释及其发展性预测因素. 心理科学进展 , 30(12), 2777-2788.

ZHANG Wen, DONG Qiyiru, GONG Lijuan, SHANG Qi, CHENG Chen, DING Xuechen. (2022). The theoretical accounts and developmental predictors of operational momentum effect. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(12), 2777-2788.

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运算动量效应的理论解释及其发展性预测因素

The theoretical accounts and developmental predictors of operational momentum effect

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