认知加工的自动化现象：从二分法到渐进观

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01556

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

认知自动化是人类学习和进步的必经之路。传统的二分法通过无意识等特征简单地将认知加工过程分为受控加工与自动化加工。但这些特征取决于研究者所采用的研究范式, 不具有普适性。近年来研究者根据注意资源有限理论提出自动化是一个渐进的过程, 而注意资源需求的减少是自动化发展的核心特征。相比二分法, 这种渐进观更加符合实证研究的发现。而且, 渐进观在信息加工自动化理论和技能习得理论的阶段性中都得以体现, 进一步证明了渐进观的普适性。

关键词: 信息加工, 技能习得, 自动化, 无意识, 注意, 注意资源理论

Abstract:

Cognitive automaticity is an inevitable road for human learning and progress. The traditional dichotomy view classifies cognitive processes into controlled or automatic processes according to certain features of cognitive processes (e.g., unconsciousness). However, these features are not universal but up to the experimental paradigms used by researchers. New viewpoints based on the attentional resources theory have been developed recently, taking the controlled-automatic process as a continuous dimension and the decreases of attentional resources as the central feature of the development of automaticity. Compared with dichotomy, the gradual view accords better with empirical findings. Further, the gradual view can be appliaed in both cognitive information processing and the stages model of skill acquisition theory, which confirmed the universality of gradual view.

Key words: information processing, skill acquisition, automaticity, implicit, attention, attentional resources theory

中图分类号:

B842

陈圣栋, 陈永强, 高伟, 罗利, 杨洁敏, 袁加锦. (2019). 认知加工的自动化现象：从二分法到渐进观. 心理科学进展 , 27(9), 1556-1563.

CHEN ShengDong, CHEN YongQiang, GAO Wei, LUO Li, YANG JieMin, YUAN JiaJin. (2019). The automaticity in cognitive processing: From dichotomy to gradual view. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(9), 1556-1563.

图/表 1

图1 情绪调节的两维度模型(Braunstein et al., 2017) 注：这一模型提出情绪调节目标(Y轴)和情绪变化过程(X轴)是两个独立的维度。目标维度反映情绪调节目标的本质：目标既可以是外显和有意识的也可以是内隐和无意识的。情绪变化维度反映情绪变化过程的本质：更加自动化的变化过程意味着其运行过程是更加非有意识的, 卷入了更多非自上而下的控制过程, 而且这种变化过程往往是随着时间逐渐进行的。 (A)每个点表示每种情绪调节策略典型的研究示例; (B)虚线大体划分了四种典型的情绪调节。该图片来自Braunstein et al., (2017) , 获得再印许可。

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