幼儿对所有权权利的理解

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.02153

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对物品的所有权意味着所有者对所有物具有多重权利, 如触碰、使用、更改、追踪和转移等。研究发现, 3岁幼儿就能理解, 所有者对自己的物品具有触碰权和使用权, 而他人不具有。但是, 他们理解所有物的更改权、追踪权和转移权, 却相对滞后。这提示对不同所有权权利表征的发展可能是分化的。此外, 3岁幼儿还理解所有者具有赋予他人使用所有物的权利, 还会积极维护这种权利, 并对阻止权利实施的行为表示抗议, 说明他们也能理解二级所有权权利。为什么幼儿对不同所有权权利的表征会出现分化, 其背后的机制需要未来研究的探索。此外, 某些公共物品(如公共汽车)本身存在着所有权权利相分离的情况, 幼儿是如何表征的, 也值得我们进行研究。不同文化对所有权权利的侧重不同, 提示我们有必要对所有权权利认知的发展进行跨文化检验。

关键词: 所有权权利, 所有权三元理论, 多维权利理论, 二级所有权权利

Abstract:

To own an object means that the owner has many informative rights to the object, such as touching, using, changing, tracking and transferring. Research revealed that 3-year-old children understand that an owner have exclusive rights to touch and use his/her own objects but others do not, but their understandings of owners’ rights to change, track and transfer property are relatively poorer. This indicates that the development of children’s representation of ownership rights may not be synchronous. Three-year- olds understand that an owner has right to entitle others to use his/her property, and actively maintain this. When someone prevents the enforcement of this right, they will protest. This demonstrates that young children are aware of second-order ownership rights. In future studies, the mechanisms underlying the dissociation among representations of different ownership rights should be explored. Besides, it is worthwhile investigating how children represent ownership rights of public property (such as buses). Different cultures may put different weight on specific ownership right, which calls for more cross-cultural studies.

Key words: ownership right, tripartite account of ownership right, multi-dimensional account of ownership right, second-order entitlements

中图分类号:

B844

李占星, 牛更枫, 喻丰, 朱莉琪. (2018). 幼儿对所有权权利的理解. 心理科学进展 , 26(12), 2153-2160.

LI Zhanxing, NIU Gengfeng, YU Feng, ZHU Liqi. (2018). Preschoolers’ understanding of ownership rights. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(12), 2153-2160.

参考文献 50

1	程南华, 李占星, 朱莉琪 . ( 2018). 儿童的社会权力认知及其与社会行为的关系. 心理科学进展, 26( 2), 283-293.
2	李占星, 朱莉琪 . ( 2016). 儿童基于不同线索的所有权判断及其文化差异. 心理科学进展, 24( 12), 1889-1896.
3	Bertram, C. ( 2014). Property in the moral life of humans. Social Philosophy and Policy, 30( 1-2), 404-424.
4	Blake, P.R., &Harris, P.L . ( 2009). Children's understanding of ownership transfers. Cognitive Development, 24( 2), 133-145. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.01.002 URL
5	Blumenthal, J.A. ( 2009). "To be human” A psychological perspective on property law. Tulane Law Review, 83, 1-56.
6	Brosnan, S.F. ( 2011). Property in nonhuman primates. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 132, 9-22. doi: 10.1002/cd.293 URL pmid: 21671338
7	Chen X. Y., Li D., Liu J. S., Chen H. C., & Zhao S. M . ( 2016). Judgments of damage to public versus private property in Chinese children at different historical times. Developmental Science, 21( 1), e12506. doi: 10.1111/desc.12506 URL pmid: 27981739
8	Cram, F., &Ng, S.H . ( 1989). Children’s endorsement of ownership attributes. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10, 63-75.
9	Corlatean T., Popescu-Cruceru A., & Asmarandei A . ( 2012). Characteristics of the public and private property right. Romanian Statistical Review, 60( 2), 301-305.
10	DeScioli, P., &Wilson, B.J . ( 2011). The territorial foundations of human property. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32( 5), 297-304. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.003 URL
11	Dixon, S. ( 2015). Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! Object requests, ownership and entitlement in a children's play session. Journal of Pragmatics, 82, 39-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2015.03.009 URL
12	Friedman, O., &Ross, H . ( 2011). Twenty-one reasons to care about the psychological basis of ownership. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 132, 1-8. doi: 10.1002/cd.292 URL pmid: 21671337
13	Gelman S. A., Manczak E. M., Was A. M., & Noles N. S . ( 2016). Children Seek Historical Traces of Owned Objects. Child Development, 87( 1), 239-255. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12453 URL
14	Gelman S. A., Martinez M., Davidson N. S., & Noles N. S . ( 2018). Developing digital privacy: Children's moral judgments concerning mobile GPS devices. Child Development, 89( 1), 17-26. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12826 URL
15	Gelman S. A., Noles N. S., & Stilwell S . ( 2014). Tracking the actions and possessions of agents. Topics in Cognitive Science, 6( 4), 599-614. doi: 10.1111/tops.12106 URL pmid: 4214137
16	Hitch G. J., Halliday S., Schaafstal A. M ., & Schraagen, J. M. C. ( 1988). Visual working memory in young children. Memory & Cognition, 16( 2), 120-132. doi: 10.3758/BF03213479 URL pmid: 3352517
17	Hohfeld, W.H. ( 1913). Some fundamental legal conceptions as applied to judicial reasoning. Yale Law Journal, 23( 1), 16-59. doi: 10.2307/785533 URL
18	Hook, J. ( 1993). Judgments about the right to property from preschool to adulthood. Law and Human Behavior, 17( 1), 135-146. doi: 10.1007/BF01044542 URL
19	Huh, M., &Friedman, O . ( 2017). Young children’s understanding of the limits and benefits of group ownership. Developmental Psychology, 53( 4), 686-697. doi: 10.1037/dev0000284 URL pmid: 28221050
20	Kanngiesser, P., &Hood, B.M . ( 2014). Young children's understanding of ownership rights for newly made objects. Cognitive Development, 29, 30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.09.003 URL
21	Kim, S., &Kalish, C.W . ( 2009). Children's ascriptions of property rights with changes of ownership. Cognitive Development, 24( 3), 322-336. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.03.004 URL
22	McEwan S., Pesowski M. L., & Friedman O . ( 2016). Identical but not interchangeable: Preschoolers view owned objects as non-fungible. Cognition, 146, 16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.011 URL pmid: 26398861
23	Merrill, T.W. ( 1998). Property and the right to exclude. Nebraska Law Review, 77( 4), 730-755.
24	Nancekivell, S.E., &Friedman, O . ( 2014). Mine, yours, no one’s: Children’s understanding of how ownership affects object use. Developmental Psychology, 50( 7), 1845-1853.
25	Nancekivell, S.E., &Friedman, O . ( 2017). "Because it's hers": When preschoolers use ownership in their explanations. Cognitive Science, 41( 3), 827-843. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12358 URL pmid: 26936795
26	Nancekivell S. E., Millar C. J., Summers P. C., & Friedman O . ( 2016). Ownership rights. In J. Sytsma & W. Buckwalter (Eds.), A Companion to Experimental Philosophy. Blackwell: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
27	Nancekivell S. E., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Friedman O . ( 2013). Young children’s understanding of ownership. Child Development Perspectives, 7( 4), 243-247. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12049 URL
28	Neary, K.R., &Friedman, O . ( 2014). Young children give priority to ownership when judging who should use an object. Child Development, 85( 1), 326-337. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12120 URL pmid: 23638945
29	Noles, N.S., &Gelman, S.A . ( 2014). You can’t always want what you get: Children’s intuitions about ownership and desire. Cognitive Development, 31, 59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.02.002 URL pmid: 25018586
30	Oyserman D., Coon H. M., & Markus K . ( 2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128( 1), 3-72. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 URL pmid: 11843547
31	Pesowski, M.L., &Friedman, O . ( 2018). Using versus liking: Young children use ownership to predict actions but not to infer preferences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 169, 19-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.007 URL
32	Riedl K., Jensen K., Call J., & Tomasello M . ( 2015). Restorative justice in children. Current Biology, 25( 13), 1731-1735.
33	Ross H., Friedman O., & Field A . ( 2015). Toddlers assert and acknowledge ownership rights. Social Development, 24( 2), 341-356. doi: 10.1111/sode.12101 URL
34	Ross, H.S. ( 1996). Negotiating principles of entitlement in sibling property disputes. Developmental Psychology, 32( 1), 90-101. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.90 URL
35	Ross, H.S. ( 2013). Effects of ownership rights on conflicts between toddler peers. Infancy, 18( 2), 256-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00121.x URL
36	Ross H. S. , & Conant, C. L.(1992) . The social structure of early conflict: Interaction, relationships and alliances In C U Shantz & W W Hartup (Eds), Conflict in child and adolescent development (pp 153-185). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
37	Rossano F., Rakoczy H., & Tomasello M . ( 2011). Young children's understanding of violations of property rights. Cognition, 121( 2), 219-227.
38	Rudmin, F.W. ( 1994). Cross-cultural psycholinguistic field research: Verbs of ownership and possession. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25( 1), 114-132.
39	Ruff, H.A., &Lawson, K.R . ( 1990). Development of sustained, focused attention in young children during free play. Developmental Psychology, 26( 1), 85-93. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.85 URL
40	Schmidt M. F. H., Rakoczy H., & Tomasello M . ( 2013). Young children understand and defend the entitlements of others. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116( 4), 930-944. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.013 URL pmid: 24094684
41	Searle J. R. ( 2010). Making the social world. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
42	Shaw A., Li V., & Olson K. R . ( 2012). Children apply principles of physical ownership to ideas. Cognitive Science, 36( 8), 1383-1403. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01265.x URL pmid: 22946443
43	Sheridan K. M., Konopasky A. W., Kirkwood S., & Defeyter M. A . ( 2016). The effects of environment and ownership on children’s innovation of tools and too material selection. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, 371 ( 1690), 1-7. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0191 URL pmid: 26926281
44	Snare, F. ( 1972). The concept of property. American Philosophical Quarterly, 9( 2), 200-206.
45	Stake, J.E. ( 2004). The property 'instinct'. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359( 1451), 1763-1774.
46	Tahej P. K., Ferrel-Chapus C., Olivier I., Ginhac D., & Rolland J. P . ( 2012). Multiple representations and mechanisms for visuomotor adaptation in young children. Human Movement Science, 31( 6), 1425-1435. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.016 URL pmid: 22704964
47	Van de Vondervoort, J.W ., &Friedman, O . ( 2015). Parallels in preschoolers' and adults' judgments about ownership rights and bodily rights. Cognitive Science, 39( 1), 184-198. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12154 URL pmid: 25066448
48	Van de Vondervoort, J. W., &Hamlin, J.K . ( 2015). Young children remedy second- and third-party ownership violations. Trends in Cognitive Science, 19( 9), 490-491. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.006 URL pmid: 26250861
49	Van de Vondervoort, J. W., Meinz P., & Friedman O . ( 2017). Children's judgments about ownership rights and body rights: Evidence for a common basis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 155, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.007 URL pmid: 27888693
50	Wellman H. M., Fang F. X., Liu D., Zhu L. Q., & Liu G. X . ( 2006). Scaling of theory-of-mind understandings in Chinese children. Psychological Science, 17( 12), 1075-1081. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01830.x URL pmid: 17201790

[1]	张李斌, 张其文, 王晨旭, 张云运. 社会网络视角下儿童青少年同伴关系网络与欺凌相关行为的共同变化关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(3): 416-427.
[2]	张明霞, 李雨欣, 李瑾, 刘勋. 内外动机对青少年记忆的影响及其神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 1-9.
[3]	殷融. 读心的比较研究：非人灵长类与人类在心理理论上的异同点及其解释[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(11): 2540-2557.
[4]	侯文文, 苏怡. 注意和记忆对孤独症儿童词汇发展滞后的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(11): 2558-2569.
[5]	郑志伟, 肖凤秋, 邵琦, 赵晓凤, 黄妍, 李娟. 情景记忆成功年老化的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(10): 2254-2268.
[6]	江丹莹, 杨运梅, 李晶. 群体情境下儿童的分配公平性[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 2004-2019.
[7]	杜宇飞, 欧阳辉月, 余林. 隔代抚养与老年人抑郁水平：一项基于东西方文化背景的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 1981-1992.
[8]	陈必忠, 孙晓军. 中国内地大学生时间管理倾向的时代变迁：1999~2020[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 1968-1980.
[9]	蒋家丽, 李立言, 李子颖, 雷秀雅, 孟泽龙. 青少年非自杀性自伤行为持续和停止的预测性因素[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(7): 1536-1545.
[10]	康丹, 李佳佳, 蔡术. 学前儿童睡眠问题与语言障碍的关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(6): 1270-1281.
[11]	曹馨允, 童钰, 王福兴, 李卉. 来自屏幕的纽带：视频聊天与儿童发展[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(6): 1282-1293.
[12]	刘海丹, 李敏谊. 家庭读写环境与儿童接受性词汇发展关系的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 556-579.
[13]	赵信娴, 杨小虎. 老年人群的韵律感知[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 613-621.
[14]	张琳琳, 魏坤琳, 李晶. 儿童的人际运动同步[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 623-634.
[15]	陈静, 冉光明, 张琪, 牛湘. 儿童和青少年同伴侵害与攻击行为关系的三水平元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(2): 275-290.