Preliminary development and evaluation of the Chinese self-conscious emotions nonverbal behavior expression stimulus set, and its application in research

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1745

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to develop a standardized self-conscious emotions nonverbal behavior expression stimulus set with multiple emotional dimensions, including three recognizable self-conscious emotions (pride, shame and embarrassment) and to investigate their effects on duration perception. In Study 1, twenty models (N = 20, 10 female; M_age = 19.35, SD_age = 1.39) participated in picture taking to generate pictures of nonverbal behavior emotional expressions, resulting in a total of 479 pictures. Subsequently, one hundred and three participants (N = 103, 55 female; M_age = 18.53, SD_age = 0.70) rated the pictures on emotion category and dimensional measures (valence, arousal, dominance). The results showed that: (1) A total of 389 pictures were generated, including 36 neutral pictures, 124 shame pictures, 107 pride pictures and 122 embarrassment pictures; (2) new hand actions posed by the models were discovered, such as hand pulling the hem of clothes (shame), scratching the head with one hand (embarrassment), and raising above the head with one hand (pride); (3) the internal consistency coefficient of the stimulus set was high; (4) compared to neutral pictures, pride was characterized by higher pleasure, higher arousal, higher dominance; Shame was characterized by lower pleasure, higher arousal, lower dominance; Embarrassment was characterized by lower pleasure, higher arousal, lower dominance. These findings suggest that the stimulus set is highly reliable and may be a useful tool for eliciting self-conscious emotions in future studies. To provide an applied context for the stimulus set developed in Study 1, Study 2 recruited one hundred twelve participants (N =112, 56 female, M_age = 18.71 SD_age = 0.94) to complete the time reproduction task. The aim was to explore the effects of shame, pride, embarrassment on duration perception. The results showed that, relative to neutral picture, nonverbal behavior expressions picture of both shame and pride elicited significant temporal underestimation, whereas embarrassment nonverbal behavior expressions picture showed no significant temporal distortion. These results were interpreted within the theoretical framework of the scalar timing model.

Key words: self-conscious emotions, nonverbal behavior expression, dominance, valence, arousal

YIN Huazhan, LIU Pengyu, ZHANG Li. (2025). Preliminary development and evaluation of the Chinese self-conscious emotions nonverbal behavior expression stimulus set, and its application in research. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(10), 1745-1761.

Figures/Tables 15

References 87

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Body part	Nonverbal behavior expression cues
Eyebrows	Eyebrows raised (71.9)	Frowning (0)	Eyebrows drooping (0.7)	Relaxed eyebrows (27.4)
Eyes	Eyes wide open (54.1)	Slightly squinted eyes (17.8)	No change in eye size (27.4)
Eyes gaze direction	Eyes looking upward (35.6)	Eyes looking straight ahead (60)	Eyes looking downward (3)
Mouth	Mouth tightly closed (0.7)	Corners of mouth raised (86.7)	Corners of mouth drooping (0.7)	Relaxed mouth (11.9)
Chin	Chin pushed forward (46.7)	Chin retracted (5.9)	Relaxed chin (45.2)
Cheeks	Smile (65.9)	Slightly suppressed smile (8.9)	No smile (1.5)	Big smile (23)
Head	Head tilted backward (30.4)	Head upright (66.7)	Head lowered (1.5)
Torso	Body curled (0)	Body upright (41.5)	Body stretched (57.8)
Hands	Arms crossed in front of chest (13.3)	Arms hanging vertically by sides (45.9)	Hands on hips (17.8)	Arms raised above head (8.9)	Arms crossed and hanging downward (3.7)	Hands touching the face (4.4)

Body part	Nonverbal behavior expression cues
Eyebrows	Eyebrows raised (71.9)	Frowning (0)	Eyebrows drooping (0.7)	Relaxed eyebrows (27.4)
Eyes	Eyes wide open (54.1)	Slightly squinted eyes (17.8)	No change in eye size (27.4)
Eyes gaze direction	Eyes looking upward (35.6)	Eyes looking straight ahead (60)	Eyes looking downward (3)
Mouth	Mouth tightly closed (0.7)	Corners of mouth raised (86.7)	Corners of mouth drooping (0.7)	Relaxed mouth (11.9)
Chin	Chin pushed forward (46.7)	Chin retracted (5.9)	Relaxed chin (45.2)
Cheeks	Smile (65.9)	Slightly suppressed smile (8.9)	No smile (1.5)	Big smile (23)
Head	Head tilted backward (30.4)	Head upright (66.7)	Head lowered (1.5)
Torso	Body curled (0)	Body upright (41.5)	Body stretched (57.8)
Hands	Arms crossed in front of chest (13.3)	Arms hanging vertically by sides (45.9)	Hands on hips (17.8)	Arms raised above head (8.9)	Arms crossed and hanging downward (3.7)	Hands touching the face (4.4)

Body part	Nonverbal behavior expression cues
Eyebrows	Eyebrows raised (1.5)	Frowning (35.6)	Eyebrows drooping (60)	Relaxed eyebrows (3)
Eyes	Eyes wide open (4.4)	Slightly squinted eyes (60.7)	No change in eye size (33.3)
Eyes gaze direction	Eyes looking upward (3)	Eyes looking straight ahead (5.2)	Eyes looking downward (91.1)
Mouth	Mouth tightly closed (69.6)	Corners of mouth raised (0.7)	Corners of mouth drooping (26.7)	Relaxed mouth (3)
Chin	Chin pushed forward (7.4)	Chin retracted (78.5)	Relaxed chin (11.9)
Cheeks	Smile (2.2)	Slightly suppressed smile 28.9)	No smile (57.8)	Big smile (0)
Head	Head tilted backward (1.5)	Head upright (5.9)	Head lowered (92.6)
Torso	Body curled (75.6)	Body upright (18.5)	Body stretched (5.2)
Hands	Arms crossed in front of chest (5.2)	Arms hanging vertically by sides (30.4)	Hands on hips (0.7)	Arms raised above head (1.5)	Arms crossed and hanging downward (27.4)	Hands touching the face (27.4)

Body part	Nonverbal behavior expression cues
Eyebrows	Eyebrows raised (1.5)	Frowning (35.6)	Eyebrows drooping (60)	Relaxed eyebrows (3)
Eyes	Eyes wide open (4.4)	Slightly squinted eyes (60.7)	No change in eye size (33.3)
Eyes gaze direction	Eyes looking upward (3)	Eyes looking straight ahead (5.2)	Eyes looking downward (91.1)
Mouth	Mouth tightly closed (69.6)	Corners of mouth raised (0.7)	Corners of mouth drooping (26.7)	Relaxed mouth (3)
Chin	Chin pushed forward (7.4)	Chin retracted (78.5)	Relaxed chin (11.9)
Cheeks	Smile (2.2)	Slightly suppressed smile 28.9)	No smile (57.8)	Big smile (0)
Head	Head tilted backward (1.5)	Head upright (5.9)	Head lowered (92.6)
Torso	Body curled (75.6)	Body upright (18.5)	Body stretched (5.2)
Hands	Arms crossed in front of chest (5.2)	Arms hanging vertically by sides (30.4)	Hands on hips (0.7)	Arms raised above head (1.5)	Arms crossed and hanging downward (27.4)	Hands touching the face (27.4)

Body part	Nonverbal behavior expression cues
Eyebrows	Eyebrows raised (23.7)	Frowning (39.3)	Eyebrows drooping (20)	Relaxed eyebrows (12.6)
Eyes	Eyes wide open (24.4)	Slightly squinted eyes (55.6)	No change in eye size (18.5)
Eyes gaze direction	Eyes looking upward (15.6)	Eyes looking straight ahead (10.4)	Eyes looking downward (65.9)
Mouth	Mouth tightly closed (71.1)	Corners of mouth raised (13.3)	Corners of mouth drooping (8.9)	Relaxed mouth (5.9)
Chin	Chin pushed forward (17)	Chin retracted (53.3)	Relaxed chin (25.9)
Cheeks	Smile (11.1)	Slightly suppressed smile (69.6)	No smile (8.1)	Big smile (6.7)
Head	Head tilted backward (9.6)	Head upright (20.7)	Head lowered (66.7)
Torso	Body curled (41.5)	Body upright (42.2)	Body stretched (11.9)
Hands	Arms crossed in front of chest (4.4)	Arms hanging vertically by sides (26.7)	Hands on hips (0)	Arms raised above head (4.4)	Arms crossed and hanging downward (17)	Hands touching the face (38.5)