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25 October 2025, Volume 57 Issue 10 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Reports of Empirical Studies


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Reports of Empirical Studies

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The Multiple Image Advantage in Face Identity Recognition Relies on the Formation of Facial Representation FENG Junye, WANG Zhe, SUN Yu-Hao P 2025, 57 (10):  1689-1700.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1689 Abstract ( 95 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (718KB) ( 32 )   Presenting multiple face images of the same person can significantly enhance participants' recognition performance for face identity. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this performance improvement through multiple images remain unclear. This study consists of two experiments. Experiment 1A used a face-matching paradigm, presenting one, two, or three faces either simultaneously or sequentially, and measured participants' discriminability under different conditions. The results showed: (1) Discriminability improved with an increasing number of images only under the sequential presentation condition (revealing the Multiple Image Advantage, MIA); (2) When presenting three face images, discriminability under the sequential condition was higher than under the simultaneous matching condition. Experiment 1B controlled the face presentation duration and replicated the above results. Experiment 2, building on Experiment 1A, inverted the faces to disrupt the integration process of facial representation. The results showed: (3) Regardless of whether the study images were single or multiple, discriminability under the sequential condition was lower than under the simultaneous condition; (4) No MIA was found in either task. In conclusion, the experimental results suggest that the MIA in face identity discrimination originates from the formation of facial representation, a process that requires the involvement of memory. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Musical training enhances the interaction between pitch and time dimensions in auditory working memory ZHOU Linshu, ZHANG Yuqing, CAI Dan-Chao 2025, 57 (10):  1701-1714.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1701 Abstract ( 110 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (823KB) ( 33 )   Musical training enhances sensitivity to both temporal and non-temporal structures, but how these structures jointly affect working memory remains unclear. This study investigated how pitch and rhythmic structures are processed in auditory working memory and the role of musical training in this process. The experiment manipulated pitch and rhythmic structures in melodic sequences of varying lengths. Musicians and nonmusicians were asked to make same-different judgments based on either the pitch or rhythm dimension while suppressing interference from the other. Results showed that in the pitch retention task, nonmusicians processed pitch and rhythm structures independently, whereas musicians processed them interactively, with the interaction effect positively correlated with musical sophistication scores. In the rhythm retention task, both groups processed the structures independently, suggesting that the influence of musical training on structural integration is modulated by task type. Furthermore, the interaction effect was more pronounced in shorter sequences of the pitch retention task, suggesting that such integration is further constrained by task type and cognitive load. These findings support the dynamic attending theory and suggest that musical training enhances individuals’ flexibility and adaptability in processing multidimensional information. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The cognitive characteristics and neural mechanisms of multisensory category learning: EEG and drift-diffusion model evidence WU Jie, CHE Zixuan 2025, 57 (10):  1715-1728.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1715 Abstract ( 83 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (6363KB) ( 36 )   Category learning in multisensory environments, which is a fundamental human cognitive ability, has significant implications for understanding cross-modal knowledge representation. This study systematically examines the cognitive characteristics and neural mechanisms of multisensory category learning by integrating event-related potential (ERP) techniques and drift-diffusion modeling (DDM). We established three experimental groups— the early-stage, middle-state and later-stage groups—in which participants acquired the ability to discriminate four categories of multisensory stimuli through corrective feedback. During the learning process, we simultaneously recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data and employed a multimodal analytical approach integrating neural oscillation with computational modeling by using the DDM. This combined methodology enabled us to systematically examine how varying degrees of learning proficiency modulate the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying multisensory category acquisition. From a behavioral perspective, the middle- and later-stage learning groups demonstrated significantly greater accuracy, reaction time and drift rates than the early-stage learning group, along with a decision threshold bias toward correct responses. At the neural level, middle- and later-stage learning elicited amplified amplitudes in the N1, P1, and LPC components while decreasing the amplitude of the N250-FSP complex. Time?frequency analyses demonstrated significant power reductions in the theta, alpha, and delta frequency bands. Regression analyses identified distinct neural predictors: variations in drift rates were jointly explained by reductions in N250-FSP amplitude and theta oscillations, whereas decision threshold biases were predicted by coordinated activity in early perceptual processing (P1), feature discrimination (N250-FSP), and memory retrieval (LPC) components. These findings reveal a dual-mechanism framework through which learning sufficiency optimizes decision efficiency. (1) Enhanced information accumulation rates are associated with reduced N250-FSP amplitudes and theta-band reorganization, reflecting streamlined feature integration and conflict resolution. (2) Decision threshold shifts result from the synergistic interplay of sensory encoding (P1), categorical feature discrimination (N250-FSP), and postretrieval monitoring (LPC). Notably, the dissociation between theta-mediated drift rate modulation and fronto-posterior ERP dynamics in threshold adjustment offers compelling evidence for parallel neural pathways that govern distinct decision parameters. This study advances multisensory learning theories by elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying learning optimization, thereby providing insights regarding the development of targeted interventions in adaptive learning systems and cross-modal training paradigms. These findings highlight the pivotal role of learning duration in shaping both the neurocomputational architecture of decision-making processes and the efficiency of cross-modal knowledge consolidation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Working memory load modulates the attentional bias of individuals with social anxiety: Evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials YANG Xinchao, CHEN Yanling, ZHENG Junmeng, ZHANG Rongxiang, MU Xiao, XU Qiang 2025, 57 (10):  1729-1744.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1729 Abstract ( 114 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (766KB) ( 38 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary development and evaluation of the Chinese self-conscious emotions nonverbal behavior expression stimulus set, and its application in research YIN Huazhan, LIU Pengyu, ZHANG Li 2025, 57 (10):  1745-1761.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1745 Abstract ( 60 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (843KB) ( 85 )   This study aimed to develop a standardized self-conscious emotions nonverbal behavior expression stimulus set with multiple emotional dimensions, including three recognizable self-conscious emotions (pride, shame and embarrassment) and to investigate their effects on duration perception. In Study 1, twenty models (N = 20, 10 female; Mage = 19.35, SDage = 1.39) participated in picture taking to generate pictures of nonverbal behavior emotional expressions, resulting in a total of 479 pictures. Subsequently, one hundred and three participants (N = 103, 55 female; Mage = 18.53, SDage = 0.70) rated the pictures on emotion category and dimensional measures (valence, arousal, dominance). The results showed that: (1) A total of 389 pictures were generated, including 36 neutral pictures, 124 shame pictures, 107 pride pictures and 122 embarrassment pictures; (2) new hand actions posed by the models were discovered, such as hand pulling the hem of clothes (shame), scratching the head with one hand (embarrassment), and raising above the head with one hand (pride); (3) the internal consistency coefficient of the stimulus set was high; (4) compared to neutral pictures, pride was characterized by higher pleasure, higher arousal, higher dominance; Shame was characterized by lower pleasure, higher arousal, lower dominance; Embarrassment was characterized by lower pleasure, higher arousal, lower dominance. These findings suggest that the stimulus set is highly reliable and may be a useful tool for eliciting self-conscious emotions in future studies. To provide an applied context for the stimulus set developed in Study 1, Study 2 recruited one hundred twelve participants (N =112, 56 female, Mage = 18.71 SDage = 0.94) to complete the time reproduction task. The aim was to explore the effects of shame, pride, embarrassment on duration perception. The results showed that, relative to neutral picture, nonverbal behavior expressions picture of both shame and pride elicited significant temporal underestimation, whereas embarrassment nonverbal behavior expressions picture showed no significant temporal distortion. These results were interpreted within the theoretical framework of the scalar timing model. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The power of confiding: Negative emotional self-disclosure facilitates peer prosocial behavior WANG Shuqi, CHENG Feng, GUO Bing, WANG Qiao, CHENG Xiaojun 2025, 57 (10):  1762-1776.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1762 Abstract ( 153 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (498KB) ( 95 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measuring love: Relational mobility promotes calculative mindset in mate choice LI Yawen, CAI Pan, ZUO Shijiang, WANG Fang, DONG Yu, ZHOU Yang, HUANG Niwen 2025, 57 (10):  1777-1790.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1777 Abstract ( 139 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (768KB) ( 53 )   In today's Chinese society, people are increasingly “itemizing” their personal traits and requirements when seeking a partner through matchmaking. This phenomenon is conceptualized as a “calculative mindset” in mate choice. We propose that in interpersonal environments characterized by high relational mobility—where relationships are more freely formed and dissolved—this cognitive strategy of transforming mate-related information into easily processed quantitative indicators serves an adaptive function by reducing cognitive load. Through analyses of online dating profiles, survey measures, and laboratory experiments, three studies (comprising four sub-studies) reveal correlational and causal relationships between relational mobility and the calculative mindset in mate choice at both regional and individual levels. These findings extend the psychological implications of relational mobility into the domain of mate selection, offering theoretical insights into how individuals adapt to dynamic social ecologies and practical implications for shaping policies or marketing strategies aligned with contemporary mate selection psychology. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of knowledge stock on improvisation under time pressure WANG Yongyue, ZHANG Fanying, YUE Fengkai, XIE Jiangpei 2025, 57 (10):  1791-1812.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1791 Abstract ( 81 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (243KB) ( 43 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Good pressure, bad pressure?” The double-edged sword effect of algorithmic regulatory pressure on service performance GAO Xueyuan, ZHANG Zhipeng, XIE Baoguo, LONG Lirong, YIN Kui 2025, 57 (10):  1813-1831.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1813 Abstract ( 101 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (507KB) ( 58 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Faking modeling for forced choice measures in personality assessment based on RES theoretical framework HE Cuiting, PENG Siwei, ZHU Yian, WANG Daxun, CAI Yan, TU Dongbo 2025, 57 (10):  1832-1848.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1832 Abstract ( 79 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (325KB) ( 16 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A unified design method of the simplest complete Q matrix for cognitive diagnostic tests TANG Xiaojuan, MAO Mengmeng, LI Yu, DING Shuliang, PENG Zhixia 2025, 57 (10):  1849-1866.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1849 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (325KB) ( 9 )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics