名字独特性上升的成因：宏观和微观解释

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00954

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近几十年来, 全球多个国家均出现名字独特性上升的现象, 但具体的变化原因尚不清楚。本研究提出, 宏观水平的独特性文化价值观上升和微观水平的独特性心理需要上升可以解释独特起名行为的增加, 并以中国为例进行实证检验。研究1发现, 强调独特性的文化价值观(而非强调独立或竞争的价值观)的上升可以解释名字独特性的上升, 在时间序列上是其变化的格兰杰原因。研究2发现, 独特性需要(而非自恋或自尊)的增长可以解释年轻(相比于年长)个体在起名任务中对独特名字的偏好。研究3发现, 在真实起名过程中, 年轻(相比于年长)父母更多强调孩子名字的独特性(而非现代性、积极性或其他特征)。综上, 日益增长的独特性追求(而非个人主义的其他维度或相关特征)是独特名字逐渐兴起的特定原因, 这启示未来研究应关注并检验心理与行为变迁的具体机制。

关键词: 文化变迁, 个人主义, 独特性, 名字, 中国

Abstract:

Uncommon personal names have become increasingly popular in many countries and cultures over the past decades. However, little is known about the causes. We propose that the emphasis on uniqueness, manifested both as a cultural value at the macro level and as an individual need at the micro level, may account for the widely observed increase in unique-naming practices. We tested these hypotheses in China. Study 1 found that the increasing cultural emphasis on uniqueness (rather than on independence or competition), as a Granger cause, explained the increasing name uniqueness. Study 2 revealed that the increasing individual need for uniqueness (rather than narcissism or self-esteem) explained the higher preference for unique baby names among younger than older generations. Study 3 showed that, in actual naming practices, younger parents emphasized name uniqueness (rather than modernity, positivity, or other features) more than older cohorts. These findings convergently support our hypotheses, highlighting the importance of identifying specific mechanisms underlying psychological and behavioral changes, rather than assuming the rising individualism as a general explanation.

Key words: cultural change, individualism, uniqueness, name, China

中图分类号:

B848
B849

包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭, 敬一鸣. (2024). 名字独特性上升的成因：宏观和微观解释. 心理学报, 56(7), 954-963.

BAO Han-Wu-Shuang, CAI Huajian, JING Yiming. (2024). Understanding the Rise of Unique Names: The Emphasis on Uniqueness Matters. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 954-963.

图/表 11

参考文献 54

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Word (Chinese)	Translation (English)	Frequency in People’s Daily (1946~2005)	Frequency in Google Books (Version 3) (1920~2005)
Word (Chinese)	Translation (English)	Frequency in People’s Daily (1946~2005)	ADJ	ADV	NOUN	VERB	(Total)
Uniqueness
独特	unique, uniqueness	17937	197058	0	5336	249448	451842
独一无二	unique, unusual	1096	1776	63	505	15950	18294
与众不同	unique, unusual	1118	0	0	0	2836	2836
另类	unconventional	207	3020	82	488	2223	5813
标新立异	unconventional	63	376	61	2410	3254	6101
特立独行	non-conformity	455	30	0	64	115	209
Independence
独立	independent(ly)	187056	750408	361216	493010	1032977	2637611
独立性	independence	2327	0	0	21863	0	21863
独立自主	independence	11963	0	0	16225	143645	159870
自主	autonomy(~ous)	49949	255384	215147	434435	77276	982242
自立	self-reliance	4934	0	0	25038	28695	53733
自由	freedom	165240	613884	495097	1938449	170873	3218303
Competition
竞争	compete(~ition)	90462	0	0	4295832	283358	4579190
争取	strive for	162913	0	0	0	895047	895047
获取	get, obatin	6857	0	0	0	399995	399995
实现	achieve(~ment)	339406	0	0	472091	6418420	6890511
成功	succeed(~ess)	153993	137851	106886	553319	853960	1652016
胜利	win	305971	0	7931	1155882	135071	1298884

Word (Chinese)	Translation (English)	Frequency in People’s Daily (1946~2005)	Frequency in Google Books (Version 3) (1920~2005)
Word (Chinese)	Translation (English)	Frequency in People’s Daily (1946~2005)	ADJ	ADV	NOUN	VERB	(Total)
Uniqueness
独特	unique, uniqueness	17937	197058	0	5336	249448	451842
独一无二	unique, unusual	1096	1776	63	505	15950	18294
与众不同	unique, unusual	1118	0	0	0	2836	2836
另类	unconventional	207	3020	82	488	2223	5813
标新立异	unconventional	63	376	61	2410	3254	6101
特立独行	non-conformity	455	30	0	64	115	209
Independence
独立	independent(ly)	187056	750408	361216	493010	1032977	2637611
独立性	independence	2327	0	0	21863	0	21863
独立自主	independence	11963	0	0	16225	143645	159870
自主	autonomy(~ous)	49949	255384	215147	434435	77276	982242
自立	self-reliance	4934	0	0	25038	28695	53733
自由	freedom	165240	613884	495097	1938449	170873	3218303
Competition
竞争	compete(~ition)	90462	0	0	4295832	283358	4579190
争取	strive for	162913	0	0	0	895047	895047
获取	get, obatin	6857	0	0	0	399995	399995
实现	achieve(~ment)	339406	0	0	472091	6418420	6890511
成功	succeed(~ess)	153993	137851	106886	553319	853960	1652016
胜利	win	305971	0	7931	1155882	135071	1298884

Lag	F statistics for the hypothesized direction (vs. reverse direction)
Lag	Cultural value of uniqueness	Cultural value of independence	Cultural value of competition
Corpus: People’s Daily
1 year: F(1, 50)	11.62^** (vs. 0.00)	1.00 (vs. 1.62)	0.37 (vs. 0.01)
2 years: F(2, 47)	4.82^* (vs. 1.27)	0.40 (vs. 2.46)	0.13 (vs. 0.10)
3 years: F(3, 44)	3.30^* (vs. 1.15)	0.69 (vs. 1.79)	1.67 (vs. 0.85)
4 years: F(4, 41)	2.27 (vs. 1.03)	0.60 (vs. 1.18)	1.03 (vs. 0.73)
5 years: F(5, 38)	2.03 (vs. 0.84)	0.31 (vs. 1.59)	0.94 (vs. 0.77)
Corpus: Google Books (Version 2)
1 year: F(1, 80)	7.10^** (vs. 0.72)	0.22 (vs. 0.01)	0.61 (vs. 0.05)
2 years: F(2, 77)	2.39 (vs. 0.16)	0.52 (vs. 1.75)	0.93 (vs. 1.79)
3 years: F(3, 74)	1.95 (vs. 0.33)	0.12 (vs. 1.43)	0.67 (vs. 2.03)
4 years: F(4, 71)	1.62 (vs. 0.65)	0.58 (vs. 1.73)	0.40 (vs. 1.19)
5 years: F(5, 68)	1.68 (vs. 0.88)	0.59 (vs. 2.44^*)	0.98 (vs. 0.81)
Corpus: Google Books (Version 3)
1 year: F(1, 81)	5.69^* (vs. 2.65)	0.04 (vs. 0.00)	0.01 (vs. 0.25)
2 years: F(2, 78)	2.31 (vs. 0.76)	0.11 (vs. 0.02)	0.53 (vs. 0.17)
3 years: F(3, 75)	1.30 (vs. 1.14)	0.04 (vs. 0.54)	0.59 (vs. 0.28)
4 years: F(4, 72)	0.86 (vs. 2.09)	0.07 (vs. 0.70)	1.30 (vs. 0.21)
5 years: F(5, 69)	0.93 (vs. 1.40)	0.09 (vs. 0.28)	1.12 (vs. 0.11)

Lag	F statistics for the hypothesized direction (vs. reverse direction)
Lag	Cultural value of uniqueness	Cultural value of independence	Cultural value of competition
Corpus: People’s Daily
1 year: F(1, 50)	11.62^** (vs. 0.00)	1.00 (vs. 1.62)	0.37 (vs. 0.01)
2 years: F(2, 47)	4.82^* (vs. 1.27)	0.40 (vs. 2.46)	0.13 (vs. 0.10)
3 years: F(3, 44)	3.30^* (vs. 1.15)	0.69 (vs. 1.79)	1.67 (vs. 0.85)
4 years: F(4, 41)	2.27 (vs. 1.03)	0.60 (vs. 1.18)	1.03 (vs. 0.73)
5 years: F(5, 38)	2.03 (vs. 0.84)	0.31 (vs. 1.59)	0.94 (vs. 0.77)
Corpus: Google Books (Version 2)
1 year: F(1, 80)	7.10^** (vs. 0.72)	0.22 (vs. 0.01)	0.61 (vs. 0.05)
2 years: F(2, 77)	2.39 (vs. 0.16)	0.52 (vs. 1.75)	0.93 (vs. 1.79)
3 years: F(3, 74)	1.95 (vs. 0.33)	0.12 (vs. 1.43)	0.67 (vs. 2.03)
4 years: F(4, 71)	1.62 (vs. 0.65)	0.58 (vs. 1.73)	0.40 (vs. 1.19)
5 years: F(5, 68)	1.68 (vs. 0.88)	0.59 (vs. 2.44^*)	0.98 (vs. 0.81)
Corpus: Google Books (Version 3)
1 year: F(1, 81)	5.69^* (vs. 2.65)	0.04 (vs. 0.00)	0.01 (vs. 0.25)
2 years: F(2, 78)	2.31 (vs. 0.76)	0.11 (vs. 0.02)	0.53 (vs. 0.17)
3 years: F(3, 75)	1.30 (vs. 1.14)	0.04 (vs. 0.54)	0.59 (vs. 0.28)
4 years: F(4, 72)	0.86 (vs. 2.09)	0.07 (vs. 0.70)	1.30 (vs. 0.21)
5 years: F(5, 69)	0.93 (vs. 1.40)	0.09 (vs. 0.28)	1.12 (vs. 0.11)

Name modernity	Name gender	Item	Name uniqueness (coding score)
Name modernity	Name gender	Item	Low (1)	Medium (2)	High (3)
Modern	Feminine	1	琳倩雅莹	岚曼沁盈	蕙芊恬宛
	Neutral	2	晨嘉宁思	畅靖玮潇	唯栩榆耘
	Masculine	3	博浩健旭	宸骏韬渊	适嵩骁屹
Neutral	Feminine	4	惠秋蓉月	格妙音竹	蔼筠因缨
	Neutral	5	君润贤彦	纯亭宜知	葆励未晏
	Masculine	6	彬峰恒松	柏滨崇致	实梧逊植