青少年手机压力与心理健康的关系：基于多元宇宙样分析和密集追踪方法

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00745

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究手机压力与青少年心理健康的关系及其作用机制, 研究1基于74182名青少年样本, 采用多元宇宙样分析检验了手机压力与青少年心理健康的稳健性关系; 研究2对507名青少年采取为期35天的密集追踪测查, 探究了手机压力影响青少年心理健康的机制。研究1发现50%以上青少年报告对手机有过压力感受, 且手机压力与心理健康之间的负向关联是稳健的, 这值得研究者和社会的关注。研究2发现反刍和消极情绪的强度/波动性在手机压力和心理健康间起到中介作用, 且二者对积极和消极心理健康维度的作用机制有一定差异。研究首次扩展了数字化时代背景下“压力−认知/情绪”理论和“媒体使用−数字化压力−心理健康”模型的广度和深度, 为促进青少年心理健康发展提供了新的视角和依据。

关键词: 手机压力, 数字化压力, 心理健康, 反刍, 消极情绪

Abstract:

Adolescents frequently encounter elevated levels of digital stress by exposure to digital media (e.g., smartphone stress). Their ongoing brain development increases adolescents’ susceptibility to digital stress, making them more vulnerable to its adverse effects. Among digital devices, smartphones are the most widely used ones by adolescents and a primary source of digital stress. The current study aims to investigate the robust association between digital stress, specifically smartphone stress, and adolescent mental health. The study also aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this association.

In Study 1, a multiverse-style analysis was employed to investigate the robust relationship between smartphone stress and mental health (depression and well-being) in a large sample of adolescents (N= 74 182, male = 39 192). This method was chosen for its robustness of various data manipulations to test the effect of interest, and median β and NSRPD (number of significant results in predominant direction) were used as statistical inference indicators of the effect. In Study 2, we conducted an intensive longitudinal design to examine the mechanism of how smartphone stress affects mental health among adolescents (N= 477, female = 214, M_age= 12.67 ± 0.31). Before intensive longitudinal design, we assessed smartphone stress, well-being, and depression (T1). Subsequently, daily rumination (consecutive 17 days, T2) and daily negative mood (consecutive 18 days, T3) were assessed over a 35-day period. Upon intensive longitudinal design, we once again measured well-being and depression (T4). We found that rumination, negative emotion (NE), and rumination-NE (serial mediation) mediate the link between smartphone stress and mental health (smartphone stress-depression model, smartphone stress-well-being model).

Study 1 indicated that over half of adolescents (52.6% of grade 4 students and 78.2% of grade 8 students) experienced smartphone stress. Furthermore, smartphone stress strongly and robustly predicted depression (Median β = 0.37, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 160/160, p< 0.001, partial r² = 0.172) and well-being (Median β = −0.14, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 160/160, p < 0.001, partial r² = 0.011). Effect sizes from both outcomes (partial r² > 0.010) are capable to inform policy and the public sphere. Study 2 revealed that rumination intensity, negative emotion intensity, and rumination-negative emotion intensity mediate the relationship between smartphone stress and depression. However, no mediation was found for rumination or negative emotion fluctuation. In smartphone stress-well-being model, negative emotion intensity and rumination-negative emotion intensity, but not rumination intensity, mediated the association between smartphone stress and well-being. Moreover, negative emotion and rumination-negative emotion fluctuation, but not rumination fluctuation, mediated the association between smartphone stress and well-being. Therefore, the intensity and fluctuation of rumination and negative emotion are common mediators in the relationship between smartphone stress and depression/well-being, while the effects of mechanisms are outcome-dependent.

The findings pinpoint the significant and robust effect of smartphone stress on depression and well-being among adolescents. The mediation of rumination and negative emotion in the relationship between smartphone stress and mental health probes into the mechanism of this relationship. These results support classic theories (e.g., the Emotional Cascade Model) and confirm and enrich the recent Media use-Digital stress-Mental health model. These findings could also inform future interventions for mental health problems related to smartphone stress.

Key words: smartphone stress, digital stress, mental health, rumination, negative emotion

中图分类号:

B844
R397

黄顺森, 来枭雄, 张彩, 赵心媚, 代欣然, 祁梦迪, 王欢蕾, 王文荣, 王耘. (2024). 青少年手机压力与心理健康的关系：基于多元宇宙样分析和密集追踪方法. 心理学报, 56(6), 745-758.

HUANG Shunsen, LAI Xiaoxiong, ZHANG Cai, ZHAO Xinmei, DAI Xinran, QI Mengdi, WANG Huanlei, WANG Wenrong, WANG Yun. (2024). Relationship between adolescents’ smartphone stress and mental health: Based on the multiverse-style analysis and intensive longitudinal method. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(6), 745-758.

图/表 5

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模型	中介指标类型	路径效应	标准化效应值	标准误	95% CI	中介效应量(P_M)
手机压力− 抑郁	强度	总效应	0.072	0.034	0.005 ~ 0.138	NA
		总中介效应	0.043	0.012	0.020 ~ 0.069	59.72%
		手机压力−反刍−抑郁	0.022	0.009	0.007 ~ 0.042	30.56%
		手机压力−消极情绪−抑郁	0.017	0.008	0.004~ 0.035	23.61%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−抑郁	0.004	0.002	0.0004 ~ 0.009	5.56%
	波动性	总效应	0.058	0.034	−0.008 ~ 0.124	NA
		总中介效应	0.014	0.010	−0.004 ~ 0.034	NA
		手机压力−反刍−抑郁	0.004	0.009	−0.014 ~ 0.021	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−抑郁	0.007	0.006	−0.003 ~ 0.020	NA
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−抑郁	0.003	0.002	−0.001 ~ 0.008	NA
手机压力− 主观幸福感	强度	总效应	−0.067	0.192	−0.711 ~ 0.048	NA
		总中介效应	−0.017	0.015	−0.048 ~ 0.011	NA
		手机压力−反刍−主观幸福感	0.015	0.009	−0.0004 ~ 0.034	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.026	0.011	−0.052 ~ −0.008	38.81%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.006	0.003	−0.013 ~ −0.001	8.96%
	波动性	总效应	−0.053	0.188	−0.645 ~ 0.101	NA
		总中介效应	−0.008	0.0101	−0.029 ~ 0.011	NA
		手机压力−反刍−主观幸福感	0.007	0.008	−0.007 ~ 0.024	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.011	0.007	−0.027 ~ −0.001	20.75%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.004	0.003	−0.011 ~ −0.0003	7.55%

模型	中介指标类型	路径效应	标准化效应值	标准误	95% CI	中介效应量(P_M)
手机压力− 抑郁	强度	总效应	0.072	0.034	0.005 ~ 0.138	NA
		总中介效应	0.043	0.012	0.020 ~ 0.069	59.72%
		手机压力−反刍−抑郁	0.022	0.009	0.007 ~ 0.042	30.56%
		手机压力−消极情绪−抑郁	0.017	0.008	0.004~ 0.035	23.61%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−抑郁	0.004	0.002	0.0004 ~ 0.009	5.56%
	波动性	总效应	0.058	0.034	−0.008 ~ 0.124	NA
		总中介效应	0.014	0.010	−0.004 ~ 0.034	NA
		手机压力−反刍−抑郁	0.004	0.009	−0.014 ~ 0.021	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−抑郁	0.007	0.006	−0.003 ~ 0.020	NA
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−抑郁	0.003	0.002	−0.001 ~ 0.008	NA
手机压力− 主观幸福感	强度	总效应	−0.067	0.192	−0.711 ~ 0.048	NA
		总中介效应	−0.017	0.015	−0.048 ~ 0.011	NA
		手机压力−反刍−主观幸福感	0.015	0.009	−0.0004 ~ 0.034	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.026	0.011	−0.052 ~ −0.008	38.81%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.006	0.003	−0.013 ~ −0.001	8.96%
	波动性	总效应	−0.053	0.188	−0.645 ~ 0.101	NA
		总中介效应	−0.008	0.0101	−0.029 ~ 0.011	NA
		手机压力−反刍−主观幸福感	0.007	0.008	−0.007 ~ 0.024	NA
		手机压力−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.011	0.007	−0.027 ~ −0.001	20.75%
		手机压力−反刍−消极情绪−主观幸福感	−0.004	0.003	−0.011 ~ −0.0003	7.55%