心理学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 626-641.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00626
王伊萌1,2, 张敬敏1, 汪凤炎1,2(), 许文涛2, 刘维婷3
收稿日期:
2022-05-11
发布日期:
2022-12-30
出版日期:
2023-04-25
通讯作者:
汪凤炎
E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com
基金资助:
WANG Yimeng1,2, ZHANG Jingmin1, WANG Fengyan1,2(), XU Wentao2, LIU Weiting3
Received:
2022-05-11
Online:
2022-12-30
Published:
2023-04-25
Contact:
WANG Fengyan
E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com
摘要:
基于正念的去自我中心机制, 提出正念可通过观点采择与社会善念的链式中介对智慧产生正向效应的假设, 运用问卷横断自评、正念干预和社会善念的操纵等多种方法从特质与状态层面进行验证(总样本量为909)。研究表明, 特质层面的正念与社会善念、智慧两两正相关, 可正向预测社会善念与智慧, 并验证了社会善念的中介作用(研究1); 从状态层面发现正念干预能在短期内有效提升个体的状态社会善念与智慧推理水平, 再次验证社会善念的中介效应(研究2); 受到操纵的社会善念也能够提升正念对智慧的正向预测效应, 不仅验证了社会善念中介作用的稳健性, 也验证了社会善念与智慧的因果关联, 同时, 观点采择与社会善念的链式中介作用也得到了研究结果的支持(研究3), 即具备特质正念或进行正念练习时体验状态正念的个体, 更易运用观点采择能力, 在人际互动中表现出善意关注, 由此作出考量他人的智慧决策。
中图分类号:
王伊萌, 张敬敏, 汪凤炎, 许文涛, 刘维婷. (2023). 勿以善小而不为:正念与智慧——社会善念与观点采择的链式中介. 心理学报, 55(4), 626-641.
WANG Yimeng, ZHANG Jingmin, WANG Fengyan, XU Wentao, LIU Weiting. (2023). Do not think any virtue trivial, and thus neglect it: Serial mediating role of social mindfulness and perspective taking. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(4), 626-641.
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.63 | 0.48 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 20.17 | 1.43 | −0.02 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 4.13 | 1.27 | 0.03 | −0.05 | ||||
4.正念 | 3.05 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | |||
5.社会善念 | 4.08 | 0.56 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.44*** | ||
6.智慧 | 4.54 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.40*** | 0.80*** |
表1 各变量描述性统计和相关分析结果
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.63 | 0.48 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 20.17 | 1.43 | −0.02 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 4.13 | 1.27 | 0.03 | −0.05 | ||||
4.正念 | 3.05 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | |||
5.社会善念 | 4.08 | 0.56 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.44*** | ||
6.智慧 | 4.54 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.40*** | 0.80*** |
组别 | Time 1 | 正念启动 (5 Days) | Time 2 | 正念启动 (5 Days) | Time 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A组 | 前测 | √ | 中测 | 后测 | |
B组 | 前测 | 中测 | √ | 后测 |
表2 研究3实验设计流程
组别 | Time 1 | 正念启动 (5 Days) | Time 2 | 正念启动 (5 Days) | Time 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A组 | 前测 | √ | 中测 | 后测 | |
B组 | 前测 | 中测 | √ | 后测 |
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.70 | 0.46 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 18.68 | 0.82 | 0.07 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 5.02 | 1.18 | 0.20** | 0.08 | ||||
4.正念 | 2.66 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |||
5.社会善念 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15* | ||
6.智慧思维 | 4.32 | 0.74 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.31*** | 0.31*** |
表3 各变量表述性统计与相关分析
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.70 | 0.46 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 18.68 | 0.82 | 0.07 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 5.02 | 1.18 | 0.20** | 0.08 | ||||
4.正念 | 2.66 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |||
5.社会善念 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15* | ||
6.智慧思维 | 4.32 | 0.74 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.31*** | 0.31*** |
变量 | A组 | B组 | t | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
性别(N男) | 11 | / | 11 | / | / |
年龄 | 18.65 | 0.70 | 18.55 | 0.88 | 0.56 |
社会阶层 | 5.08 | 1.10 | 4.80 | 1.29 | 1.75 |
正念 | 2.56 | 0.53 | 2.35 | 0.55 | 1.75 |
社会善念 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
智慧思维 | 4.22 | 0.56 | 4.25 | 0.62 | −0.25 |
表4 两组各变量的基线(Time1)比较
变量 | A组 | B组 | t | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
性别(N男) | 11 | / | 11 | / | / |
年龄 | 18.65 | 0.70 | 18.55 | 0.88 | 0.56 |
社会阶层 | 5.08 | 1.10 | 4.80 | 1.29 | 1.75 |
正念 | 2.56 | 0.53 | 2.35 | 0.55 | 1.75 |
社会善念 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
智慧思维 | 4.22 | 0.56 | 4.25 | 0.62 | −0.25 |
模型参数 | 第一组被试 | 第二组被试 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
零模型 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 零模型 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
固定效应 | ||||||||
γ00 | 2.79*** | 2.68*** | 2.79*** | 2.79*** | 2.89*** | 2.80*** | 3.85* | 2.89*** |
γ10 | - | 0.04* | - | 0.04* | - | 0.03 | - | 0.03 |
随机效应 | ||||||||
γ01 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.15 |
γ02 | - | - | −0.02 | −0.02 | - | - | 0.35 | 0.35 |
γ03 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.09 | −0.10 | ||||
γ11 | - | - | - | −0.02 | - | - | - | −0.01 |
γ12 | - | - | - | −0.07 | - | - | - | −0.02 |
γ13 | −0.02 | −0.01 | ||||||
μ0j | 0.63*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.65*** | 0.60*** | 0.61*** |
μ1j | - | 0.04 | - | 0.04 | - | 0.09*** | - | 0.10*** |
表5 HLM分析结果汇总
模型参数 | 第一组被试 | 第二组被试 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
零模型 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 零模型 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
固定效应 | ||||||||
γ00 | 2.79*** | 2.68*** | 2.79*** | 2.79*** | 2.89*** | 2.80*** | 3.85* | 2.89*** |
γ10 | - | 0.04* | - | 0.04* | - | 0.03 | - | 0.03 |
随机效应 | ||||||||
γ01 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.15 |
γ02 | - | - | −0.02 | −0.02 | - | - | 0.35 | 0.35 |
γ03 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.09 | −0.10 | ||||
γ11 | - | - | - | −0.02 | - | - | - | −0.01 |
γ12 | - | - | - | −0.07 | - | - | - | −0.02 |
γ13 | −0.02 | −0.01 | ||||||
μ0j | 0.63*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.62*** | 0.65*** | 0.60*** | 0.61*** |
μ1j | - | 0.04 | - | 0.04 | - | 0.09*** | - | 0.10*** |
分组 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
A组 | 2.56 ± 0.53 | 2.98 ± 0.47 | 2.69 ± 0.62 | 6.41** |
B组 | 2.35 ± 0.55 | 2.36 ± 0.48 | 2.99 ± 0.41 | 23.18*** |
表6 正念的长期效应检验
分组 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
A组 | 2.56 ± 0.53 | 2.98 ± 0.47 | 2.69 ± 0.62 | 6.41** |
B组 | 2.35 ± 0.55 | 2.36 ± 0.48 | 2.99 ± 0.41 | 23.18*** |
变量 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
社会善念 | ||||
A组 | 0.16 ± 0.14 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 3.26* |
B组 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.15 | 4.13* |
智慧思维 | ||||
A组 | 4.22 ± 0.56 | 4.68 ± 0.68 | 4.21 ± 0.89 | 5.59** |
B组 | 4.25 ± 0.62 | 3.85 ± 0.66 | 4.68 ± 0.70 | 15.81*** |
表7 社会善念、智慧思维在Time 1~ 3的变化趋势
变量 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
社会善念 | ||||
A组 | 0.16 ± 0.14 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 3.26* |
B组 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.15 | 4.13* |
智慧思维 | ||||
A组 | 4.22 ± 0.56 | 4.68 ± 0.68 | 4.21 ± 0.89 | 5.59** |
B组 | 4.25 ± 0.62 | 3.85 ± 0.66 | 4.68 ± 0.70 | 15.81*** |
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.80 | 0.43 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 20.14 | 1.48 | −0.01 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 5.52 | 2.76 | −0.05 | 0.12* | ||||
4.正念 | 2.98 | 0.26 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.03 | |||
5.观点采择 | 4.13 | 0.85 | 0.10* | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.50* | ||
6.社会善念 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.18*** | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.42*** | 0.66*** | |
7.智慧 | 4.34 | 0.65 | 0.14** | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.36*** | 0.65*** | 0.84*** |
表8 各变量描述性统计和相关分析结果
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.性别 | 1.80 | 0.43 | ||||||
2.年龄 | 20.14 | 1.48 | −0.01 | |||||
3.社会阶层 | 5.52 | 2.76 | −0.05 | 0.12* | ||||
4.正念 | 2.98 | 0.26 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.03 | |||
5.观点采择 | 4.13 | 0.85 | 0.10* | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.50* | ||
6.社会善念 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.18*** | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.42*** | 0.66*** | |
7.智慧 | 4.34 | 0.65 | 0.14** | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.36*** | 0.65*** | 0.84*** |
中介路径 | 间接效应 | Boot标准误 | 95%置信区间 | 相对中介效应 |
---|---|---|---|---|
总间接效应 | 0.26 | 0.03 | [0.21, 0.32] | |
正念→观点采择→智慧 | 0.06 | 0.02 | [0.03, 0.10] | 23.07% |
正念→社会善念→智慧 | 0.06 | 0.02 | [0.02, 0.10] | 23.07% |
正念→观点采择→社会善念→智慧 | 0.14 | 0.02 | [0.11, 0.18] | 53.85% |
表9 观点采择与社会善念在正念影响智慧中的链式中介作用(研究3)
中介路径 | 间接效应 | Boot标准误 | 95%置信区间 | 相对中介效应 |
---|---|---|---|---|
总间接效应 | 0.26 | 0.03 | [0.21, 0.32] | |
正念→观点采择→智慧 | 0.06 | 0.02 | [0.03, 0.10] | 23.07% |
正念→社会善念→智慧 | 0.06 | 0.02 | [0.02, 0.10] | 23.07% |
正念→观点采择→社会善念→智慧 | 0.14 | 0.02 | [0.11, 0.18] | 53.85% |
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