留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险与社会适应：压力的中介作用与心理社会资源的调节作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01270

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于生态系统理论和累积风险观的观点, 考察了留守儿童家庭处境不利因素对社会适应的累积效应及其作用机制。采用问卷法对651名农村儿童进行入户调查, 1年后实施追踪。以前后测中一直处于留守状态的285名儿童为分析对象, 其他样本作为对照组仅参加社会适应比较。结果显示：(1)与非留守儿童相比, 留守儿童的前测、后测社会适应得分均较低; 留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险与即时/延时社会适应的关系模式均为线性模式; (2)控制性别、年龄的作用后, 留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险对社会适应的即时/延时预测作用均显著(β = −0.42/−0.23, ps < 0.001)。即时预测中, 压力起部分中介作用, 心理社会资源对后半条中介路径有调节效应, 随着资源水平提高, 压力的中介能力降低; 延时预测中, 后测压力起部分中介作用, 心理社会资源对中介模型中的主效应及前半条中介路径同时有调节作用, 随着资源水平提升, 延时主效应及后测压力的中介效应同时减弱, 至高分组时两类效应均不显著。可见, 家庭处境不利累积风险是留守儿童低社会适应的重要近端环境因素, 且部分通过诱发压力来实现; 心理社会资源对其社会适应有重要保护作用。

关键词: 留守儿童, 家庭处境不利累积风险, 社会适应, 压力, 心理社会资源

Abstract:

In China, left-behind children (LBC) refer to children (under the age of 16) who remain at rural regions while both of their parents migrate to urban area for work, or one of their parents migrates for work and the other has limited capacity to care for their children. Relative to non-left-behind children (NLBC), LBC are exposed to various risk factors related to family, such as lack of parental care and insufficient family support, which could increase their vulnerability to psychological and behavioral problems. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory and the cumulative risk (CR) model, this study used two-wave data (T1 and T2) and examined the association between cumulative risk related to family adversity (T1) and social adjustment outcomes (T1/T2), in which stress (T1/T2) is a mediator, and examined the moderating role of psychosocial resources (T1) in this association.

A two-wave longitudinal household surveys were conducted among six hundred fifty-one families of rural children. A total of 285 children whose both parents migrated for work throughout the study waves were categorized as the LBC group, while 366 children who reported living with their parents at least one of waves were categorized as the control group. All measures in the surveys showed good reliability, including family adversity, stress, psychosocial resources (i.e., psychological capital and social support) and social adjustment (i.e., subjective well-being, depression, positive behaviors and problem behaviors). Data analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 22.0.

Results showed that: (1) LBC’s T1 cumulative risk related to family adversity was linearly associated with their T1/T2 social adjustment; (2) After controlling for gender and age, LBC’s T1 cumulative risk related to family adversity was negatively associated with T1 social adjustment (β = −0.42, p < 0.001), and T1 stress mediated this association. The association between stress and social adjustment was moderated by psychosocial resources, with a higher level of psychosocial resources associated with a smaller mediating effect of stress. (3) After controlling for gender and age, T1 stress and T1 social adjustment, T1 cumulative risk related to family adversity were negatively associated with T2 social adjustment (β = −0.23, p < 0.001), and T2 stress mediated this relationship. T1 psychosocial resources moderated the association of T1 cumulative risk related to family adversity on both T2 social adjustment and T2 stress. This showed that with the level of T1 psychosocial resources increasing, the main effect of T1 cumulative risk related to family adversity on T2 social adjustment and the mediation effect of T2 stress decreased and became statistically non-significant.

The findings of this study demonstrate the detrimental impact of cumulative risk related to family adversity on social adjustment among LBC, as well as the mediating role of stress and the moderating role of psychosocial resources. Overall, these findings suggest that family risk factors are proximal factors for LBC’s social maladjustment, and future intervention should attend to psychosocial resource promotion.

Key words: left-behind children, cumulative risk related to family adversity, social adjustment, stress, psychosocial resources

中图分类号:

范兴华, 方晓义, 赵纤, 陈锋菊. (2023). 留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险与社会适应：压力的中介作用与心理社会资源的调节作用. 心理学报, 55(8), 1270-1284.

FAN Xing-hua, FANG Xiao-yi, ZHAO Xian, CHEN Feng-ju. (2023). The effect of cumulative risk related to family adversity on social adjustment among left-behind children in China: The mediating role of stress and the moderating role of psychosocial resources. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(8), 1270-1284.

图/表 8

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变量	留守儿童	非留守儿童	T1留守T2非留守儿童	T1非留守T2留守儿童	合计
男	134 (47.0%)	126 (43.9%)	23 (52.3%)	21 (60.0%)	304 (46.7%)
女	151 (53.0%)	161 (56.1%)	21 (47.7%)	14 (40.0%)	347 (53.3%)
小学	146 (51.2%)	138 (48.1%)	24 (54.5%)	15 (42.9%)	323 (49.6%)
初中	139 (48.8%)	149 (51.9%)	20 (45.5%)	20 (57.1%)	328 (50.4%)
合计	285	287	44	35	651

变量	留守儿童	非留守儿童	T1留守T2非留守儿童	T1非留守T2留守儿童	合计
男	134 (47.0%)	126 (43.9%)	23 (52.3%)	21 (60.0%)	304 (46.7%)
女	151 (53.0%)	161 (56.1%)	21 (47.7%)	14 (40.0%)	347 (53.3%)
小学	146 (51.2%)	138 (48.1%)	24 (54.5%)	15 (42.9%)	323 (49.6%)
初中	139 (48.8%)	149 (51.9%)	20 (45.5%)	20 (57.1%)	328 (50.4%)
合计	285	287	44	35	651

儿童类型	n	T1社会适应	T2社会适应
留守儿童①	285	−0.16 ± 1.01	−0.11 ± 0.98
非留守儿童②	287	0.23 ± 0.90	0.12 ± 1.00
T1留守T2非留守儿童③	44	−0.59 ± 1.03	−0.11 ± 1.05
T1非留守T2留守儿童④	35	0.18 ± 1.14	0.04 ± 1.00
F(3, 647)		13.90^***	2.74^*
Post-hoc		③ < ① < ②④	① < ②

儿童类型	n	T1社会适应	T2社会适应
留守儿童①	285	−0.16 ± 1.01	−0.11 ± 0.98
非留守儿童②	287	0.23 ± 0.90	0.12 ± 1.00
T1留守T2非留守儿童③	44	−0.59 ± 1.03	−0.11 ± 1.05
T1非留守T2留守儿童④	35	0.18 ± 1.14	0.04 ± 1.00
F(3, 647)		13.90^***	2.74^*
Post-hoc		③ < ① < ②④	① < ②

T1家庭处境不利累积风险数目	n (%)	T1社会适应	T2社会适应
0个①	54 (18.9%)	0.34 ± 0.79	0.30 ± 0.90
1个②	52 (18.2%)	0.34 ± 0.89	0.27 ± 0.99
2个③	57 (20.0%)	−0.16 ± 0.98	−0.08 ± 0.87
3个④	68 (23.9%)	−0.45 ± 0.96	−0.22 ± 0.83
4个⑤	30 (10.5%)	−0.54 ± 0.94	−0.58 ± 0.90
≥5个⑥	24 (8.4%)	−1.13 ± 0.83	−1.03 ± 1.04
F(5, 279)		14.27^***	10.90^***
Post-hoc		①② > ③④⑤ > ⑥	①② > ③④⑤⑥, ③ > ⑤⑥, ④ > ⑥