依恋内部工作模型与老年人婚姻满意度的关系：基于夫妻成对数据的分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00600

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

依恋内部工作模型反映了个体在关系中对自我和他人的认知, 虽然有很多研究证实了依恋风格与关系质量存在紧密关联, 但自我和他人两个工作模型是否在预测关系质量上存在差异性尚未得到明确回答。本研究以老年群体为研究对象, 直接考察自我模型与他人模型分别以怎样的方式预测婚姻满意度。研究使用问卷法对112对老年夫妻的内部工作模型、夫妻依恋取向、婚姻满意度等进行了测量, 采用中介模型、交叉互倚模型以及方差分析分别从被试个体、夫妻主客体效应、以及夫妻匹配模式三个分析视角考察了依恋的两种内部工作模型与婚姻满意度的关联性。结果发现, 相比他人模型, 老年人自我模型与婚姻满意度的关联更为密切, 且可以通过夫妻依恋双维度对其产生影响。但同时也发现, 老年人依恋的内部工作模型与婚姻满意度的关联受到夫妻角色差异的影响：对于丈夫而言, 自我模型与婚姻满意度的关联更为紧密, 这可能与中国传统文化中的男性主导地位有关; 而对于妻子而言, 他人模型与婚姻满意度的关系更为紧密, 这可能与女性在社会互动中更倾向于关系导向有关, 也可能是传统文化中的“夫为妻纲”对老年女性的影响使然。

关键词: 内部工作模型, 依恋, 婚姻满意度, 匹配模式, 交叉互倚模型

Abstract:

Individuals form internal working models (IWMs) based on their early attachment experiences. IWMs consist of individuals’ views of themselves (i.e., IWM of the self) and others (i.e., IWM of others) within relationships. IWMs guide individuals’ interpretations and anticipations in interpersonal situations, which could influence their interactions with others and the quality of their relationships. As social networks shrink with age, older adults tend to focus more on relationships with close others. Due to the importance of marital relationships in late adulthood, the study examined whether and how older adults’ IWMs affect their marital satisfaction. In addition, the study also examined whether the differences in family roles between husbands and wives impact the relationship between IWMs and marital satisfaction.

The main purpose of this study is threefold: 1) To examine whether IWM of the self and IWM of others show different relationships with marital satisfaction; 2) To investigate whether the relationships between older adults’ IWMs and their marital satisfaction are mediated by marital attachment (i.e., the anxiety and the avoidance dimensions of marital attachment); 3) To explore the actor and the partner effects of IWMs on marital satisfaction by modeling couple data with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). In order to gain a better understanding of whether traditional family roles have an impact on the relationship between IWMs and marital satisfaction, we also examined whether the effects mentioned above differed between husbands and wives.

A total of 112 older couples (mean age=69.3, SD=5.02) from communities in Beijing were recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed the demographic information questionnaire, the Elderly Marital Attachment Questionnaire, the Relationship Questionnaire, and the Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire. SPSS 23.0 and Dyad R were used to perform data analyses, including correlation analysis, mediation modeling, APIM, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The study yielded several major results. 1) Correlation analysis showed that husbands’ IWM of the self (but not IWM of others) was positively associated with marital satisfaction, while wives’ IWM of others (but not IWM of the self) was positively associated with marital satisfaction. 2) Mediation modeling showed that the association between husbands’ IWM of the self (but not IWM of others) and marital satisfaction was mediated by attachment anxiety and avoidance. In contrast, neither attachment anxiety nor attachment avoidance significantly mediated the relationships between wives’ IWMs and marital satisfaction. 3) APIM showed that husbands’ IWM of the self was positively associated with their own marital satisfaction, while wives’ IWM of others was positively associated with their own and spouses’ marital satisfaction. All other unidirectional paths in the APIM were non-significant. 4) ANOVA showed that husbands (but not wives) reported higher marital satisfaction when both husbands and wives had highly positive IWM of the self. In other words, husbands reported higher marital satisfaction when their own IWM of the self was positive and matched with their wives’ IWM of the self.

The study supports the importance of IWMs of attachment in older adults’ marital satisfaction. Our findings suggest that positive IWMs benefit marital satisfaction in general. The significant mediation effects of attachment anxiety/avoidance (particularly in the relationship between husbands’ IWM of the self and marital satisfaction) suggest that IWMs may influence marital satisfaction by affecting anxiety-/avoidance-related thoughts and behaviors during spousal interaction. The study also reveals intriguing differences between husbands and wives with regards to the IWMs − marital satisfaction relationship. Specifically, marital satisfaction seems to be more strongly associated with IWM of the self among husbands, but more strongly associated with IWM of others among wives. These differences may be related to the traditional patriarchal values of Chinese families.

Key words: internal working model, attachment, marital satisfaction, assortative mating pattern, APIM

中图分类号:

B844

强袁嫣, 曹贤才, 王大华. (2023). 依恋内部工作模型与老年人婚姻满意度的关系：基于夫妻成对数据的分析. 心理学报, 55(4), 600-611.

QIANG Yuanyan, CAO Xiancai, WANG Dahua. (2023). The relationship between internal working models of attachment and marital satisfaction among older adults: An analysis based on couple data. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(4), 600-611.

图/表 6

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变量	M ± SD	自我模型	他人模型	夫妻依恋回避	夫妻依恋焦虑	婚姻满意度
自我模型	3.54 ± 3.67	−
丈夫	3.20 ± 3.68	−	0.035	−0.22^*	−0.34^**	0.25^**
妻子	3.88 ± 3.65	−	0.07	−0.21^*	−0.27^**	0.15
他人模型	0.71 ± 3.21	0.05	−
丈夫	0.71 ± 3.31	0.035	−	−0.14	0.05	0.01
妻子	0.71 ± 3.13	0.07	−	−0.10	0.01	0.19^*
夫妻依恋回避	14.49 ± 7.30	−0.19^**	−0.11	−
夫妻依恋焦虑	10.88 ± 4.92	−0.31^**	0.03	0.58^**	−
婚姻满意度	39.79 ± 6.52	0.20^**	0.10	−0.52^**	−0.50^**	−

变量	M ± SD	自我模型	他人模型	夫妻依恋回避	夫妻依恋焦虑	婚姻满意度
自我模型	3.54 ± 3.67	−
丈夫	3.20 ± 3.68	−	0.035	−0.22^*	−0.34^**	0.25^**
妻子	3.88 ± 3.65	−	0.07	−0.21^*	−0.27^**	0.15
他人模型	0.71 ± 3.21	0.05	−
丈夫	0.71 ± 3.31	0.035	−	−0.14	0.05	0.01
妻子	0.71 ± 3.13	0.07	−	−0.10	0.01	0.19^*
夫妻依恋回避	14.49 ± 7.30	−0.19^**	−0.11	−
夫妻依恋焦虑	10.88 ± 4.92	−0.31^**	0.03	0.58^**	−
婚姻满意度	39.79 ± 6.52	0.20^**	0.10	−0.52^**	−0.50^**	−

模型	分组(224)	占比	丈夫婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)	妻子婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)	总体婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)
自我模型	高&高(60)	26.80%	42.95 ± 5.25	41.10 ± 5.48	42.03 ± 5.40
	低&低(50)	22.30%	40.36 ± 7.49	39.67 ± 6.31	40.02 ± 6.86
	夫高&妻低(50)	22.30%	39.06 ± 4.51	37.72 ± 6.79	38.39 ± 5.74
	夫低&妻高(64)	28.60%	37.29 ± 7.73	39.94 ± 6.70	38.61 ± 7.30
他人模型	高&高(48)	21.40%	41.45 ± 6.03	40.56 ± 7.50	41.01 ± 6.75
	低&低(50)	22.30%	40.08 ± 4.61	38.36 ± 7.95	39.22 ± 6.49
	夫高&妻低(70)	31.30%	38.45 ± 7.76	39.34 ± 4.84	38.89 ± 6.44
	夫低&妻高(56)	25.00%	40.17 ± 7.40	40.58 ± 5.38	40.38 ± 6.42

模型	分组(224)	占比	丈夫婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)	妻子婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)	总体婚姻满意度 (M ± SD)
自我模型	高&高(60)	26.80%	42.95 ± 5.25	41.10 ± 5.48	42.03 ± 5.40
	低&低(50)	22.30%	40.36 ± 7.49	39.67 ± 6.31	40.02 ± 6.86
	夫高&妻低(50)	22.30%	39.06 ± 4.51	37.72 ± 6.79	38.39 ± 5.74
	夫低&妻高(64)	28.60%	37.29 ± 7.73	39.94 ± 6.70	38.61 ± 7.30
他人模型	高&高(48)	21.40%	41.45 ± 6.03	40.56 ± 7.50	41.01 ± 6.75
	低&低(50)	22.30%	40.08 ± 4.61	38.36 ± 7.95	39.22 ± 6.49
	夫高&妻低(70)	31.30%	38.45 ± 7.76	39.34 ± 4.84	38.89 ± 6.44
	夫低&妻高(56)	25.00%	40.17 ± 7.40	40.58 ± 5.38	40.38 ± 6.42