负性情绪的动机维度对时距知觉的影响：注意控制和注意偏向的中介作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01917

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在控制效价和唤醒度的基础上探讨负性情绪的动机方向和回避型负性情绪的动机强度对时距知觉的影响及注意控制和注意偏向的中介作用。研究采用情绪图片分别诱发相应的情绪动机; 用点探测范式测量注意偏向; 用Flanker任务测量注意控制; 用时距复制法测量时距知觉。结果发现：(1)负性情绪中, 趋近动机导致时距低估, 回避动机导致时距高估; 回避动机强度越大, 高估程度越大。(2)注意控制和注意解除在动机方向对700 ms、1700 ms、2700 ms时距知觉的影响中存在链式中介作用; 注意警觉在回避型情绪的动机强度对700 ms时距知觉的影响中存在中介作用。研究表明负性情绪中, 动机方向决定时距偏估方向, 动机强度决定时距偏估的程度; 动机方向经由注意控制和注意解除的作用影响时距知觉, 回避型情绪动机强度经由注意警觉的作用影响700 ms时距知觉。以上结果初步揭示负性情绪的动机维度影响时距知觉的内部机制, 丰富情绪动机维度通过注意系统加工进而影响时距知觉的解释视角。

关键词: 情绪, 动机维度, 时距知觉, 注意控制, 注意偏向

Abstract:

In the research about the effect of emotion on time perception, researchers focus on the effects of valence and arousal. However, the inconsistent results found that the effect of emotion on time perception could not be fully explained only from the perspective of valence and arousal. Gable introduced the factor of emotion motivation to investigate the effect of emotion on time perception. How motivation influences time perception has gradually become a major scientific problem. However, the mechanism by which the dimensions of emotional motivation affected time perception remained unclear. In the present study, we explored the effect of dimensions of negative emotional motivation on time perception and its potential mechanisms (attention control and attention bias) based on the direction of negative emotional motivation and intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion.

The present research included two studies. Study 1 recruited 62 college students and explored the influence of the negative emotional motivation direction (approach-motivation emotion, withdrawal-motivation emotion, and neutral stimulus) on time perception. Study 2 recruited 61 college students and explored the influence of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion (high intensity, low intensity, and neutral stimulus) on time perception. In the two studies, emotional pictures were used to induce the direction and intensity of emotional motivation.; the point detection paradigm was used to measure attentional bias; the Flanker task was used to measure attention control; and the time reproduction task was used to measure time perception. Finally, we constructed a mediation model with the emotional motivation direction or emotional motivation intensity as independent variables, attention control and attention bias as mediating variables, and time perception as dependent variable.

The results showed that (1) Approach-motivation emotion underestimated the duration, and withdrawal-motivation emotion overestimated the duration. Meanwhile, there was an overestimation of duration for the high intensity withdrawal-motivation emotion, as opposed to low intensity. (2) Attention disengagement and attention control played multiple mediating roles in the influence of the direction of emotional motivation on time perception at 700 ms, 1700 ms, and 2700 ms. Specifically, compared with withdrawal-motivation emotion, approach- motivation emotion inhibited the level of attention control and showed more intensity in attention disengagement difficulty, leading to an underestimation of the duration. (3) Attention alert mediated the influence of the intensity of emotional motivation on the time perception at 700ms. Specifically, compared with the low intensity, the high intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion showed greater attention alert, which led to an overestimation of the duration.

In conclusion, the results showed that the direction of emotional motivation determined the direction of time distortion, and the intensity of emotional motivation determined the degree of time distortion at 700ms. Meanwhile, it revealed the internal mechanism of the dimension of emotional motivation on time perception, refined the role of attention resources in time perception, and further enriched the attentional gate model. Specifically, adjusting attention bias and attention control is an important way to adjust the influence of emotion on time perception.

Key words: emotion, motivation dimension, time perception, attention control, attention bias

中图分类号:

B842

尹华站, 张丽, 刘鹏玉, 李丹. (2023). 负性情绪的动机维度对时距知觉的影响：注意控制和注意偏向的中介作用. 心理学报, 55(12), 1917-1931.

YIN Huazhan, ZHANG Li, LIU Pengyu, LI Dan. (2023). How the dimension of negative emotional motivation influences time perception: The mediating role of attention control and attention bias. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(12), 1917-1931.

图/表 11

图1 时距复制法研究流程图

表1 三种情绪图片的诱发情况(M ± SD)

维度	趋近	回避	中性
动机维度	6.81 ± 0.70	2.84 ± 0.62	4.98 ± 0.46
愉悦度	2.79 ± 1.13	2.66 ± 0.67	5.00 ± 0.54
唤醒度	6.19 ± 1.16	6.05 ± 1.20	2.97 ± 1.19

图2 不同情绪动机方向上复制时距平均值和TPI指数条形图注：误差线为SD。*代表p < 0.05, **代表p < 0.01, ***代表p < 0.001。

表2 被试在不同动机方向图片和探测点类型下的反应时(M ± SD)

情绪类型	同侧	异侧
趋近	400.23 ± 114.25	453.91 ± 124.89
回避	397.60 ± 112.18	422.01 ± 118.35
中性	431.68 ± 108.58

图3 注意控制与注意解除在情绪动机方向影响700 ms时距知觉中的链式中介作用

图4 注意控制与注意解除在情绪动机方向影响1700 ms时距知觉中的链式中介作用

图5 注意控制与注意解除在情绪动机方向影响2700 ms时距知觉中的链式中介作用

表3 三种情绪图片的诱发情况(M ± SD)

维度	高回避	低回避	中性
动机维度	2.46 ± 0.76	3.53 ± 1.29	5.23 ± 0.61
愉悦度	2.53 ± 0.92	2.67 ± 1.05	5.44 ± 0.65
唤醒度	6.15 ± 1.18	5.95 ± 1.34	2.90 ± 1.32

图6 不同情绪动机强度下个体复制时距平均值和TPI指数条形图。注：误差线为SD。ns代表p > 0.05, *代表p < 0.05, **代表p < 0.01, ***代表p < 0.001。

表4 被试在不同动机强度图片和探测点类型下的反应时(M ± SD)

情绪类型	同侧	异侧
高回避	390.49 ± 111.04	422.02 ± 123.64
低回避	415.50 ± 127.52	430.91 ± 125.85
中性	432.37 ± 120.27

图7 情绪动机强度与时距知觉的中介模型

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