体感游戏促进儿童的执行功能：运动强度和认知参与的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00505

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了考察体感游戏促进儿童执行功能的作用机制, 采用2(运动强度：高/低) × 2(认知参与：高/低) × 3(测量时间：前测、一次性训练后测、长期训练后测)的三因素混合实验设计, 对122名4~6岁儿童进行6周(每周3次)的体感游戏训练。结果发现：在一次性训练中, 体感游戏中的运动强度而不是认知参与显著促进儿童执行功能, 尤其是工作记忆; 在长期干预中, 体感游戏中的运动强度和认知参与都显著促进儿童执行功能, 且认知参与的作用大于运动强度。这一结果不但验证了体感游戏对儿童执行功能的益处, 并且阐明了体感游戏中的哪些特征能对儿童执行功能具有短期的和长期的效果。

关键词: 体感游戏, 认知参与, 运动强度, 执行功能

Abstract:

Executive function refers to advanced cognitive processes that control and regulate other cognitive processes, including working memory, inhibition control, and cognitive flexibility. This function is a high-level cognitive ability when completing complex cognitive tasks. Executive function is an important predictor of a child’s physical and mental health, quality of life, school success, marital happiness, and public safety. Studies have shown that physical activities, such as mindfulness yoga, coordinated exercises, martial arts, and exergame, can improve children’s executive function. Exergame is also a type of physical activity, as a synthetic word, which is a combination of exercise and game and can be seen as a physical activity for stimulating an active whole-body gaming experience. This study aims to investigate the effects of physical intensity and cognitive engagement in exergame on promoting children’s executive function immediately and long-term training.
This study conducted a 2 (high/low physical intensity) × 2(high/low cognitive engagement) × 3(measurement time: before/immediately/after training) mixed experimental design, wherein 122 children age 4~6 years old were trained for six weeks. Among the within-subject variables were exercise physical and cognitive engagement, and the between-subject variable was the measurement time. The dependent variables were working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility.
Results showed that physical intensity, rather than cognitive engagement in exergame, significantly improved children’s executive function, especially the working memory after training immediately. In the long-term intervention, physical intensity and cognitive engagement in exergame significantly promoted children’s executive function, and the promoting effect of cognitive engagement was greater than that of physical intensity.
This study demonstrates the benefits of long-term exergame training on children’s executive function and the types of exergame that can improve such function in children in the short or long term.

Key words: exergame, cognitive engagement, physical intensity, executive function

中图分类号:

B844

盖笑松, 许洁, 闫艳, 王元, 谢笑春. (2021). 体感游戏促进儿童的执行功能：运动强度和认知参与的作用. 心理学报, 53(5), 505-514.

GAI XiaoSong, XU Jie, YAN Yan, WANG Yuan, XIE XiaoChun. (2021). Exergame can improve children’s executive function: The role of physical intensity and cognitive engagement. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(5), 505-514.

图/表 7

图1 实验实施流程图

表1 自变量操纵的有效性分析

组别	运动强度			认知参与
组别	N	M	SD	N	M	SD
“高运动强度+ 高认知参与”	161.00	139.40	16.05	90.00	5.43	0.50
“高运动强度+ 低认知参与”	127.00	143.06	15.48	84.00	1.17	0.93
“低运动强度+ 高认知参与”	175.00	101.14	10.55	96.00	5.26	0.87
“低运动强度+ 低认知参与”	163.00	98.13	9.33	96.00	0.96	0.74
F		528.34^**			932.68^**

图2 听音顺序

图3 E-prime抑制控制程序

图4 四组实验组的工作记忆趋势注：H/L: High/Low, 代表高/低; PI：physical intensity的缩写, 代表运动强度; CE：cognitive engagement, 代表认知参与。下同。

图5 四组实验组认知灵活性——通过阶段数趋势

图6 四组实验组认知灵活性——正确分类次数趋势

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