“大五”人格剖面：以个体为中心的研究路径

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01866

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“大五”人格剖面是“大五”人格特质在个体上的高低组合, 充分考虑了人格特质之间的交互作用, 能够反映不同子群体在“大五”人格特质上的数量与质量差异, 是解释以往以变量为中心矛盾性结论的重要途径, 也更契合组织管理实践需要, 对实践有更强的指导意义。“大五”人格剖面数量受到研究情境、样本特征、研究方法等因素的影响, 基于自我适应-自我管理模型可以获取4剖面模型, 且常见的剖面包括灵活适应剖面、普通剖面与执拗剖面。“大五”人格剖面在研究中更多地扮演自变量角色, 探讨其在关键结果变量上是否存在差异。未来可以关注强化“大五”人格剖面研究的理论基础; 加强重复性研究, 识别普适性“大五”人格剖面; 识别“大五”人格剖面的影响因素; 纳入更多人格变量, 更完整刻画人格剖面。

关键词: 人格, “大五”人格, 以个体为中心, 人格剖面

Abstract:

The big-five personality profile is the combination of the high and low level big-five personality traits in individuals, which fully considers the interaction between personality traits and reflects the differences in quantity and quality of the big-five personality traits among different subgroups. The big-five personality profile is significant to explain the variable-centered contradictory conclusions, which meets the needs of organizational management practice and has a stronger guiding significance for practice. To date, more and more research has applied person-centered approach to examine the role of personality profile in personnel evaluation, human resource development and decision-making. However, the existing relevant reviews of the big-five personality were variables-centered, and there is a lack of systematically reviewing the core issues of the big-five personality, such as the theoretical basis for dividing individuals into different subgroups based on the big-five personality, the number of profiles composed of the big-five personality traits and the characteristic similarity of the profiles obtained from different studies, etc. Moreover, the research on the big-five personality profiles has just started in the organizational behavior and human resource management field, so it is uncertain that how many big-five personality profiles can effectively explain the predictive role of personality.

The advantages of the big-five personality profiles research over the big-five personality traits research are reflected in: (1) The former considers personality as an integrated system, fully considering the interaction between the big-five personality traits. As an important supplement to the latter, it can expand the understanding of the relationship between personality traits and different outcomes. (2) The study of big-five personality profiles is convenient for variable combination, and the constructed profiles can be used as a variable, which is beneficial to explain the contradictory conclusions of past variable-centered research. (3) The research of big-five personality profiles, a typical application of person-centered approach, is more in line with the reality of sample heterogeneity. (4) The big-five personality profiles are more in line with reality of the individual's cognitive model and has a stronger guiding significance for practice.

Based on the person-centered approach, a systematic review of relevant research on the big-five personality profiles in the field of organizational behavior and human resource management. We found: (1) The number of big-five personality profiles is affected by measurement tools, research situation, sample characteristics, research methods and so on. Based on the ego control - ego resiliency model, four profiles can be identified, which include commonly known Resilient profile, Ordinary profile and Rigid profile. (2) The big-five personality profiles act more as independent variables to explore whether there are differences in key outcomes and as moderators regarded as important resources for individuals to cope with identity transformation and work pressures.

Four directions for future research were proposed: (1) Strengthen the theoretical foundation and explore the role of other theories in explaining the big-five personality profiles. (2) Strengthen repetitive research and identify the general big-five personality profiles, which is conducive to the comparison of subsequent research conclusions and also to provide guidance for practical managers. (3) Identify the antecedents of the big-five personality profiles to better understand why different research conclusions differ. (4) Include more personality traits to describe the personality profiles more thoroughly. Finally, in the field of organizational management and human resources management, future research can learn from the personality profiles in psychology to probe into the employee category with multiple personality traits to realize employee category management more comprehensively and accurately.

Key words: personality, big-five personality, person-centered, personality profile

中图分类号:

B848

尹奎, 赵景, 周静, 聂琦. (2021). “大五”人格剖面：以个体为中心的研究路径. 心理科学进展 , 29(10), 1866-1877.

YIN Kui, ZHAO Jing, ZHOU Jing, NIE Qi. (2021). The big-five personality profiles: A person-centered approach. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(10), 1866-1877.

图/表 1

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剖面数量	作者 (年份)	国家	测量工具	样本量	剖面名称与特征	结果变量
2剖面	van der Wal等(2016)	荷兰	44-BFI (McAdams, 1994)	655	灵活适应剖面(68%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高贫乏剖面(32%)：高神经质、其他人格特质低	工作压力、工作满意度
2剖面	Semeijn等(2020)	荷兰全球工厂	60-NEO PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992)	293	灵活适应剖面(15%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高内化/外部化剖面(85%)：高神经质, 低外向性、低宜人性	职业成功
3剖面	Udayar等(2020)	瑞士	60-NEO FFI (McCrae和Costa, 2004)	1204	灵活适应剖面(14%)：低神经质、高外向性与高尽责性普通剖面(75%)：所有人格特质中等过度敏感剖面(11%)：高神经质、低外向性与低尽责性	——
4剖面	Henning等(2017)	瑞典	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	2797	灵活适应剖面(41%)：中低神经质、中高其他人格特质保守剖面(37%)：中神经质、中低宜人性、中低外向性、中高尽责性、中低经验开放性追求自由剖面(13%)：中神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、中低尽责性、高经验开放性无控制剖面(9%)：高神经质、低宜人性、低尽责性、中低外向性、中低经验开放性	——
4剖面	Min和Su (2020)	——	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	537	灵活适应剖面(22%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高普通剖面(47%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(14%)：中高神经质、其他人格低消极紧迫剖面(18%)：高神经质、低宜人性、低尽责性	——
4剖面	Min和Su (2020)	——	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	545	灵活适应剖面(11%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高普通剖面(56%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(14%)：高神经质、其他人格低, 尽责性尤低保守剖面(18%)：高尽责性、中低其他人格特质	反生产行为组织公民行为工作倦怠
4剖面	Perera等(2018)	澳大利亚	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	574	灵活适应剖面(13%)：低神经质、中高其他人格特质普通剖面(67%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(12%)：中高神经质、其他人格特质低兴奋剖面(8%)：中高神经质、高外向性、高宜人性、高经验开放性、低尽责性	自我效能工作投入工作满意度
4剖面	Honkaniemi等(2013)	芬兰	PRE (Jackson, 1999)	218	灵活适应剖面(45%)：中低神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、高尽责性过度控制剖面(13%)：中高神经质、低宜人性、低外向性无控制剖面(10%)：高神经质、高外向性、低尽责性波西尼亚人剖面(32%)：中低神经质、中高宜人性、中高经验开放性	——
5剖面	Conte等 (2017)	美国	TAPAS (Stark等, 2012)	4763	灵活适应剖面(24%)：低神经质、高宜人性、中低外向性、中高尽责性、中高经验开放性过度控制剖面(20%)：中高神经质、中宜人性、中低外向性、中低尽责性、低经验开放性无控制剖面(26%)：中高神经质、中宜人性、高外向性、中低尽责性、高经验开放性友好剖面(7%)：中神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、中低尽责性、中低经验开放性尽责或不宜人剖面(33%)：中低神经质、低宜人性、中高外向性、高尽责性、高经验开放性	工作绩效、工作倦怠

剖面数量	作者 (年份)	国家	测量工具	样本量	剖面名称与特征	结果变量
2剖面	van der Wal等(2016)	荷兰	44-BFI (McAdams, 1994)	655	灵活适应剖面(68%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高贫乏剖面(32%)：高神经质、其他人格特质低	工作压力、工作满意度
2剖面	Semeijn等(2020)	荷兰全球工厂	60-NEO PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992)	293	灵活适应剖面(15%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高内化/外部化剖面(85%)：高神经质, 低外向性、低宜人性	职业成功
3剖面	Udayar等(2020)	瑞士	60-NEO FFI (McCrae和Costa, 2004)	1204	灵活适应剖面(14%)：低神经质、高外向性与高尽责性普通剖面(75%)：所有人格特质中等过度敏感剖面(11%)：高神经质、低外向性与低尽责性	——
4剖面	Henning等(2017)	瑞典	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	2797	灵活适应剖面(41%)：中低神经质、中高其他人格特质保守剖面(37%)：中神经质、中低宜人性、中低外向性、中高尽责性、中低经验开放性追求自由剖面(13%)：中神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、中低尽责性、高经验开放性无控制剖面(9%)：高神经质、低宜人性、低尽责性、中低外向性、中低经验开放性	——
4剖面	Min和Su (2020)	——	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	537	灵活适应剖面(22%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高普通剖面(47%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(14%)：中高神经质、其他人格低消极紧迫剖面(18%)：高神经质、低宜人性、低尽责性	——
4剖面	Min和Su (2020)	——	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	545	灵活适应剖面(11%)：低神经质、其他人格特质高普通剖面(56%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(14%)：高神经质、其他人格低, 尽责性尤低保守剖面(18%)：高尽责性、中低其他人格特质	反生产行为组织公民行为工作倦怠
4剖面	Perera等(2018)	澳大利亚	20-mini-IPIP (Donnellan等, 2006)	574	灵活适应剖面(13%)：低神经质、中高其他人格特质普通剖面(67%)：所有人格特质中等执拗剖面(12%)：中高神经质、其他人格特质低兴奋剖面(8%)：中高神经质、高外向性、高宜人性、高经验开放性、低尽责性	自我效能工作投入工作满意度
4剖面	Honkaniemi等(2013)	芬兰	PRE (Jackson, 1999)	218	灵活适应剖面(45%)：中低神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、高尽责性过度控制剖面(13%)：中高神经质、低宜人性、低外向性无控制剖面(10%)：高神经质、高外向性、低尽责性波西尼亚人剖面(32%)：中低神经质、中高宜人性、中高经验开放性	——
5剖面	Conte等 (2017)	美国	TAPAS (Stark等, 2012)	4763	灵活适应剖面(24%)：低神经质、高宜人性、中低外向性、中高尽责性、中高经验开放性过度控制剖面(20%)：中高神经质、中宜人性、中低外向性、中低尽责性、低经验开放性无控制剖面(26%)：中高神经质、中宜人性、高外向性、中低尽责性、高经验开放性友好剖面(7%)：中神经质、中高宜人性、中高外向性、中低尽责性、中低经验开放性尽责或不宜人剖面(33%)：中低神经质、低宜人性、中高外向性、高尽责性、高经验开放性	工作绩效、工作倦怠