视听知觉训练对老年人认知能力的促进及其机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00318

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

老年人的视力和听力随年龄增加而显著下降, 视觉和听觉感知训练可一定程度改善认知能力。在老年人群体中, 跨视听通道信息相互作用存在促进和补偿效应, 以缓解单一感觉通道知觉能力的下降。老年人跨视听通道知觉训练主要聚焦视听敏感性, 即视听绑定窗口。结果表明知觉训练显著缩小视听绑定窗口, 提高大脑对视听刺激的神经加工效率, 体现了跨通道训练优势。未来研究应设计精准高效的跨视听通道知觉训练方案, 靶向性增强老年人视听整合能力及其补偿效应的脑机制, 为知觉干预产品的开发提供科学依据与新视角, 对提高老年人认知功能和身心健康具有重要现实意义。

关键词: 知觉训练, 老年人, 视听整合, 促进作用, 增强效应

Abstract:

Along with aging, older adults often experience a significant deterioration in their vision and hearing. Single-channel visual training can enhance older adults' perception of texture features, direction discrimination, contrast sensitivity, stereovision sensitivity, and to some extent, it can also transfer to untrained cognitive abilities such as visual working memory and attention. However, there are drawbacks, including the limited variety of training materials and tasks, as well as incomplete research on the neural mechanisms underlying the transfer of visual training. Single-channel auditory training can enhance older adults' speech perception and recognition, compensating for the decline in their ability to perceive speech in noisy backgrounds and improving their deteriorating auditory abilities. However, it is still uncertain how much training is required to induce changes in older adults' auditory abilities and other aspects, and the transfer effects of auditory training on untrained cognitive functions are relatively limited. Moreover, older adults are exposed to more multimodal stimuli in their daily lives compared to single-modal stimuli, but research has not demonstrated that single-channel visual or auditory training can enhance cross-channel perceptual abilities in older adults. In a word, single-channel perceptual training has relatively limited improvement of cognitive ability in older adults.

Studies have revealed that audiovisual cross-modal interactions have a compensatory and facilitative effect in alleviating the declining perceptual ability of older adults in single modalities. Compared to single-channel training, audiovisual training has shown to be more effective in improving perceptual training efficiency in older adults. Thus, researchers have conducted perceptual training for older adults using a cross-modal approach that leverages the promotion and compensation of information across visual and auditory channels. This approach aims to investigate the effects of such training on improving cognitive abilities in older adults. The simultaneity judgment task and temporal order judgment task are commonly used training paradigms in studies related to cross-modal temporal perception training in older adults. Audiovisual perceptual training in older adults primarily focuses on audiovisual sensitivity, namely the audiovisual temporal binding window. The results indicate that audiovisual perceptual training significantly narrows the temporal binding window in older adults, providing advantages in improving their perceptual discrimination sensitivity. Audiovisual perceptual training enhanced the brain’s neural processing efficiency for audiovisual stimuli, highlighting the advantages of cross-modal training. It even shows potential in enhancing cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, researches predominantly center on audiovisual sensitivity at present, specifically the temporal binding window. There is a shortage of studies targeting the enhancement of audiovisual integration ability, particularly in terms of adaptive compensatory effects in older adults.

In future research, it can be further explored from the following objectives. Firstly, the formulation of precise and efficient audiovisual perceptual training programs, directed towards the targeted enhancement of audiovisual integration abilities, and the elucidation of neural mechanisms underlying compensatory effects in older adults. Secondly, large-scale experiments are to be conducted for a comprehensive examination of key factors contributing to individual variations in training effects. Furthermore, the implementation of long-term training intervention will serve to investigate the population-specificity and durability of these training effects. Thirdly, an exploration of the interplay between brain functionality in healthy older adults and training intensity and duration, with a specific focus on the relevance of intervention load to brain function, is warranted. Additionally, there is a need to probe into the effect of audiovisual perceptual training on integration abilities and transfer effects in individuals afflicted with neurodegenerative diseases. These endeavors are poised to establish a robust scientific framework and furnish novel perspectives for the advancement of perceptual intervention products, thereby bearing profound practical implications for the amelioration of cognitive functions and the overall physical and mental well-being in older adults.

Key words: perceptual training, older adults, audiovisual integration, facilitative effect, targeted enhancement

中图分类号:

B844

杨伟平, 李睿智, 李胜楠, 林金飞, 任艳娜. (2024). 视听知觉训练对老年人认知能力的促进及其机制. 心理科学进展 , 32(2), 318-329.

YANG Weiping, LI Ruizhi, LI Shengnan, LIN jinfei, REN Yanna. (2024). The facilitation effect of audiovisual perceptual training on the cognitive ability in older adults and its mechanisms. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(2), 318-329.

图/表 1

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研究者	被试年龄			干预方案			测试任务	训练效应
研究者	被试年龄			任务范式	干预时间	训练频率	测试任务	干预效应	近迁移效应	远迁移效应	长期效应
Andersen等(2010)	71.2			纹理辨别任务; 字母辨别任务n = 9、n = 8	2天	12次	纹理识别任务和UFOV测试	SOA阈值	-	没有发现分配性注意力的改善	至少3个月
Yotsumoto等(2014)	72.2			视觉知觉训练n = 17	7天	45分钟/次, 3次/周	纹理辨别任务	SOA阈值; V1、V2、V3三个视觉区域的FA值	-	-	-
DeLoss等 (2015)	71.23			定向辨别任务n = 16	>7天	1.5小时/次, 1次/天	两个方向的定向辨别任务	噪音条件下阈值	-	-	-
Erbes等 (2021)	85.90			使用视觉训练仪进行动态立体视觉训练n = 11	6周	2次/周	动态训练(显示旋转的球)和静态测试	立体视敏度和相应的反应时间	立体视觉和反应时间改善	-	6个月
Li等(2017)	60~86			定向辨别任务n = 20	3天	1次/天	视觉工作记忆任务	方位辨别阈值和反应时间、正确率	抵消年龄相关的知觉衰退	克服工作记忆容量的限制	-
Mishra等 (2015)	71.93			以光栅刺激为材料的运动性扫视知觉任务n = 15	3~5周 10小时	40分钟/次, 3~5次/周	感知辨别任务、延迟识别工作记忆任务	准确性, ERP峰值(N1, N2成分)	-	工作记忆、注意力分配改善	-
Lin等 (2016)	72.9			计算机化VSOP训练n = 10	6周	1小时/次, 4次/周	有用视野(UFOV)、日常生活中工具性活动(TIADL)	反应时; 神经成像数据	-	注意力、工作记忆和日常生活中的工具性活动(IADLs)改善	-
Fostick等 (2020)	65.45			时间顺序判断任务(TOJ), n = 28	14天	-	听觉时间加工	时间顺序判断阈值, 强度辨别阈值	ATP训练组言语感知提升, 积极控制组无提升	时间顺序判断训练组自我效能感提高	90天
Anderson等(2013)	63.00			基于听觉的认知训练 (Brain Fitness), n = 35	8周 40小时	每周5天, 每天1小时	言语感知; 听觉短时记忆; 处理速度	噪音言语感知, 短时记忆, 处理速度	-	-	-
Kawata等 (2022)	68.07			听觉工作记忆训练, n = 13、听觉短时记忆训练n = 14, 听觉注意力训练, n = 14	4周 8小时	每周2天, 每次1小时	工作记忆, 情景记忆, 注意力测试, 纯音听力测定	听觉阈值, 左颞叶的灰质体积和功能连接性	-	-	-
O'Brien等 (2017)	69.69	听觉认知训练(ACT), n = 9			10周 20小时	每周2天, 每次1小时	听觉 Oddball	听觉加工、处理速度	-	P3b振幅下降	-
Heidari等 (2020)	67.6	元音听觉训练, n = 16			5周 15小时	每周3次, 每次1小时	噪音言语感知, 言语、空间和听力质量量表问卷, 听觉脑干反应	噪音言语感知、空间和听力质量量表、基频	-	-	-
Matos Silva等 (2020)	78.6	第1组听觉训练(噪音语音), n = 7; 第2组(G2)过滤语音训练, n = 8			5周 10次	每周2次, 每次30分钟	噪音言语感知	噪音言语感知	-	-	3个月
Ferguson等(2014)	50~70	听觉音素辨别训练, 即时训练组, n = 23; 延迟训练组, n = 21			8~12周	即时训练组第1和4周进行训练, 延迟训练组第5和第8周训练	音素辨别、言语感知、认知、听力障碍自我报告	音素辨别能力	-	即时训练组在听力障碍的自我报告、注意力分散和工作记忆方面改善	4周
Tye-Murray等(2017)	64.6	听觉训练, 间隔训练组, n = 24; 集中训练组, n = 23			20小时	集中训练组的每周五次, 持续两周。间隔训练组每周两次, 持续10周	适当迁移处理	语音识别能力	-	-	3个月
Kattner等 (2020)	19~58	听觉转换训练, 混合任务训练组, n = 19			4天	每次30~40分钟	听觉任务转换, 视觉任务转换, 数字stroop, 数字跨度任务, Corsi Span任务, 流体智力测量	听觉混合任务成本	-	听觉任务转换训练可以降低未经训练的视觉任务的混合成本。在工作记忆、抑制或流体智力无远迁移效应	-
Setti等 (2014)	实验组：72.75 对照组：75.8		视听时间顺序辨别任务, n = 34		5天	1次/1天每次30分钟	视听时间顺序辨别任务声音诱导闪光错觉	75% 参与者的完成训练, 训练后时间顺序判断任务表现出较低的错觉敏感性, 辨别力d’提高。	训练成功的参与者与未训练的参与者和对照组相比, 错觉易感性降低。训练后错觉敏感性与训练后时间绑定窗口大小相关	-	-
Yang等 (2018)	68.1 20.1		视听辨别任务, n = 52		1月4天/周	每天持续10~20分钟	视听辨别任务	老年人和年轻人都提高了任务表现	-	(1)老年人训练后的P300振幅明显高于训练前的。对照组在测试前和测试后无差异。 (2)老年人和年轻人训练后的任务准确率显著高于训练前。	-
O’Brien等 (2020)	74.17 24.2		视听同时性判断任务, n = 43		3天	1次/1天	视听同时性判断任务声音诱导闪光错觉	老年人和年轻人在训练均有更高的准确性	(1)老年人的时间绑定窗口从训练前到训练后显著降低。 (2)训练后两组的知觉敏感性均无变化。	-	-
Mc Govern等(2022)	65~85 19-31		视听二择迫选任务, n = 55		3天	1次/1天	-	两个年龄组的阈值均得到提高	(1)裂变和融合错觉的易感性均有所降低。 (2) 两个年龄组的裂变错觉的时间绑定窗口显著缩小, 而融合错觉的时间绑定窗口仅在年轻人中显著缩小。	-	-
Lee等 (2020)	63.3 64.7		视听综合训练		3次	2h/次	Stroop (dots)测试的注意控制能力测试 Purdue Pegboard的非优势手上肢功能测试	-	-	MCI参与者的注意控制能力和非优势手上肢功能方面比健康老年人得到显著改善	-
Powers等 (2009)	20.73	视听同步判断任务, n = 22; 二择迫选任务, n = 20			5天	每天1h	视听同步判断任务, 二择迫选任务	显著提高任务准确性, 视听时间绑定窗口缩小。	-	-	训练效果持续一周。
Powers等 (2012)	23.4	同步判断任务, n = 13。			1天	1小时	同步判断任务	训练后, 颞后上沟(pSTS)和听觉和视觉皮层区域的BOLD显著下降, 训练后静息状态和有效连通性皮层之间的耦合显著增加。	-	-	-
Powers等 (2016)	20.3	视听二择迫选任务, n = 22; 同步判断任务, n = 20。			5天	每天1h	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	训练后辨别闪光能力提高(d’)。视听时间绑定窗口缩小。	无迁移变化	-	-
Sürig, Bottari和 Röder (2018)	25.6	同时性判断训练, n = 21			10天	5次	冗余目标任务定位任务	实验组(自适应)比对照组(随机呈现)学习更快。辨别阈值在第一次训练后下降并保持不变。	空间视听腹语效应的大小增加	视听自适应训练组的训练效应转移到冗余目标任务上。	-
Zerr等 (2019)	22.60	同时性判断任务, n == 40			3天	1次/一天, 4~5分钟/每次	视听同时性判断任务双闪错觉任务单词识别任务	提高任务准确率。视听训练比单感觉训练更能明显缩小时间绑定窗口。	没有向DFIT任务出现迁移; 语音感知时间绑定窗口变窄。	-	7天后效果持续存在。
De Niear等 (2016)	20.21	同时性判断任务, n = 51			1天	1.5~2.0小时	同时性判断任务	困难难度训练组被试训练后任务准确性提高, 训练后时间绑定窗口缩小。简单难度组训练后时间绑定窗口显著增大。	-	-	-
De Niear等(2018)	20.61	简单刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 8; 语音刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 11; 视觉检测任务, n = 9			3天	1次/1天	视听同时性判断任务	两个训练组在训练任务的时间敏锐度上均有提高。对照组时间绑定窗口未见缩小。	没有将训练转移到未训练的任务	-	闪光和声音任务训练组训练效果在1周后仍然持续。
Theves等 (2020)	20~38	视听同时性判断任务组, n = 20; 无反馈视听同时性判断任务组, n = 16; 听觉oddball检测任务, n = 16			2天	1次/一天 (30~35分钟)	视听同时性判断任务	(1)有反馈训练显著缩小时间绑定窗口(平均降低44%) (2)无反馈训练显著缩小时间绑定窗口, 但幅度较小。听觉oddball训练组TBW没有变化。 (3)训练后, 颞叶敏锐度的增加(80~410 ms时中央和顶叶脑区β波段活动增加)	-	-	-
Horsfall等 (2021)	21.03	明亮刺激的视听同时性判断任务组, 组, n = 11; 暗淡刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 10			1天	1次/一天	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	明亮刺激训练导致使用明亮刺激的时间绑定窗口减少。微弱刺激训练的组在训练后时间绑定窗口没有减少。	明亮刺激训练效果没有转移到昏暗刺激下的表现, 对时间绑定窗口没有影响。	-	-
Huang等 (2021)	21.58	SIFI任务训练组, n = 26; 只进行前后测的对照组, n = 28			7天	1次/一天	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	被试对融合和裂变错觉的敏感性降低。训练效果呈线性趋势, 5日后趋于稳定。	与对照组相比, 训练组在裂变错觉上的准确性有提高, 但在融合错觉上没有提高。	-	-
La Rocca等 (2020)	22.1	视听跨模态特征匹配任务组, n = 12; 单视觉运动一致组, n = 12; 听觉噪音与视觉刺激不相关组, n = 12			1天	1次/一天 1次/20分钟	视觉运动一致任务	训练后, 神经网络包括前额叶、顶叶和视觉皮层在γ (60~120Hz)和β (15~30Hz)波段出现大规模同步

研究者	被试年龄			干预方案			测试任务	训练效应
研究者	被试年龄			任务范式	干预时间	训练频率	测试任务	干预效应	近迁移效应	远迁移效应	长期效应
Andersen等(2010)	71.2			纹理辨别任务; 字母辨别任务n = 9、n = 8	2天	12次	纹理识别任务和UFOV测试	SOA阈值	-	没有发现分配性注意力的改善	至少3个月
Yotsumoto等(2014)	72.2			视觉知觉训练n = 17	7天	45分钟/次, 3次/周	纹理辨别任务	SOA阈值; V1、V2、V3三个视觉区域的FA值	-	-	-
DeLoss等 (2015)	71.23			定向辨别任务n = 16	>7天	1.5小时/次, 1次/天	两个方向的定向辨别任务	噪音条件下阈值	-	-	-
Erbes等 (2021)	85.90			使用视觉训练仪进行动态立体视觉训练n = 11	6周	2次/周	动态训练(显示旋转的球)和静态测试	立体视敏度和相应的反应时间	立体视觉和反应时间改善	-	6个月
Li等(2017)	60~86			定向辨别任务n = 20	3天	1次/天	视觉工作记忆任务	方位辨别阈值和反应时间、正确率	抵消年龄相关的知觉衰退	克服工作记忆容量的限制	-
Mishra等 (2015)	71.93			以光栅刺激为材料的运动性扫视知觉任务n = 15	3~5周 10小时	40分钟/次, 3~5次/周	感知辨别任务、延迟识别工作记忆任务	准确性, ERP峰值(N1, N2成分)	-	工作记忆、注意力分配改善	-
Lin等 (2016)	72.9			计算机化VSOP训练n = 10	6周	1小时/次, 4次/周	有用视野(UFOV)、日常生活中工具性活动(TIADL)	反应时; 神经成像数据	-	注意力、工作记忆和日常生活中的工具性活动(IADLs)改善	-
Fostick等 (2020)	65.45			时间顺序判断任务(TOJ), n = 28	14天	-	听觉时间加工	时间顺序判断阈值, 强度辨别阈值	ATP训练组言语感知提升, 积极控制组无提升	时间顺序判断训练组自我效能感提高	90天
Anderson等(2013)	63.00			基于听觉的认知训练 (Brain Fitness), n = 35	8周 40小时	每周5天, 每天1小时	言语感知; 听觉短时记忆; 处理速度	噪音言语感知, 短时记忆, 处理速度	-	-	-
Kawata等 (2022)	68.07			听觉工作记忆训练, n = 13、听觉短时记忆训练n = 14, 听觉注意力训练, n = 14	4周 8小时	每周2天, 每次1小时	工作记忆, 情景记忆, 注意力测试, 纯音听力测定	听觉阈值, 左颞叶的灰质体积和功能连接性	-	-	-
O'Brien等 (2017)	69.69	听觉认知训练(ACT), n = 9			10周 20小时	每周2天, 每次1小时	听觉 Oddball	听觉加工、处理速度	-	P3b振幅下降	-
Heidari等 (2020)	67.6	元音听觉训练, n = 16			5周 15小时	每周3次, 每次1小时	噪音言语感知, 言语、空间和听力质量量表问卷, 听觉脑干反应	噪音言语感知、空间和听力质量量表、基频	-	-	-
Matos Silva等 (2020)	78.6	第1组听觉训练(噪音语音), n = 7; 第2组(G2)过滤语音训练, n = 8			5周 10次	每周2次, 每次30分钟	噪音言语感知	噪音言语感知	-	-	3个月
Ferguson等(2014)	50~70	听觉音素辨别训练, 即时训练组, n = 23; 延迟训练组, n = 21			8~12周	即时训练组第1和4周进行训练, 延迟训练组第5和第8周训练	音素辨别、言语感知、认知、听力障碍自我报告	音素辨别能力	-	即时训练组在听力障碍的自我报告、注意力分散和工作记忆方面改善	4周
Tye-Murray等(2017)	64.6	听觉训练, 间隔训练组, n = 24; 集中训练组, n = 23			20小时	集中训练组的每周五次, 持续两周。间隔训练组每周两次, 持续10周	适当迁移处理	语音识别能力	-	-	3个月
Kattner等 (2020)	19~58	听觉转换训练, 混合任务训练组, n = 19			4天	每次30~40分钟	听觉任务转换, 视觉任务转换, 数字stroop, 数字跨度任务, Corsi Span任务, 流体智力测量	听觉混合任务成本	-	听觉任务转换训练可以降低未经训练的视觉任务的混合成本。在工作记忆、抑制或流体智力无远迁移效应	-
Setti等 (2014)	实验组：72.75 对照组：75.8		视听时间顺序辨别任务, n = 34		5天	1次/1天每次30分钟	视听时间顺序辨别任务声音诱导闪光错觉	75% 参与者的完成训练, 训练后时间顺序判断任务表现出较低的错觉敏感性, 辨别力d’提高。	训练成功的参与者与未训练的参与者和对照组相比, 错觉易感性降低。训练后错觉敏感性与训练后时间绑定窗口大小相关	-	-
Yang等 (2018)	68.1 20.1		视听辨别任务, n = 52		1月4天/周	每天持续10~20分钟	视听辨别任务	老年人和年轻人都提高了任务表现	-	(1)老年人训练后的P300振幅明显高于训练前的。对照组在测试前和测试后无差异。 (2)老年人和年轻人训练后的任务准确率显著高于训练前。	-
O’Brien等 (2020)	74.17 24.2		视听同时性判断任务, n = 43		3天	1次/1天	视听同时性判断任务声音诱导闪光错觉	老年人和年轻人在训练均有更高的准确性	(1)老年人的时间绑定窗口从训练前到训练后显著降低。 (2)训练后两组的知觉敏感性均无变化。	-	-
Mc Govern等(2022)	65~85 19-31		视听二择迫选任务, n = 55		3天	1次/1天	-	两个年龄组的阈值均得到提高	(1)裂变和融合错觉的易感性均有所降低。 (2) 两个年龄组的裂变错觉的时间绑定窗口显著缩小, 而融合错觉的时间绑定窗口仅在年轻人中显著缩小。	-	-
Lee等 (2020)	63.3 64.7		视听综合训练		3次	2h/次	Stroop (dots)测试的注意控制能力测试 Purdue Pegboard的非优势手上肢功能测试	-	-	MCI参与者的注意控制能力和非优势手上肢功能方面比健康老年人得到显著改善	-
Powers等 (2009)	20.73	视听同步判断任务, n = 22; 二择迫选任务, n = 20			5天	每天1h	视听同步判断任务, 二择迫选任务	显著提高任务准确性, 视听时间绑定窗口缩小。	-	-	训练效果持续一周。
Powers等 (2012)	23.4	同步判断任务, n = 13。			1天	1小时	同步判断任务	训练后, 颞后上沟(pSTS)和听觉和视觉皮层区域的BOLD显著下降, 训练后静息状态和有效连通性皮层之间的耦合显著增加。	-	-	-
Powers等 (2016)	20.3	视听二择迫选任务, n = 22; 同步判断任务, n = 20。			5天	每天1h	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	训练后辨别闪光能力提高(d’)。视听时间绑定窗口缩小。	无迁移变化	-	-
Sürig, Bottari和 Röder (2018)	25.6	同时性判断训练, n = 21			10天	5次	冗余目标任务定位任务	实验组(自适应)比对照组(随机呈现)学习更快。辨别阈值在第一次训练后下降并保持不变。	空间视听腹语效应的大小增加	视听自适应训练组的训练效应转移到冗余目标任务上。	-
Zerr等 (2019)	22.60	同时性判断任务, n == 40			3天	1次/一天, 4~5分钟/每次	视听同时性判断任务双闪错觉任务单词识别任务	提高任务准确率。视听训练比单感觉训练更能明显缩小时间绑定窗口。	没有向DFIT任务出现迁移; 语音感知时间绑定窗口变窄。	-	7天后效果持续存在。
De Niear等 (2016)	20.21	同时性判断任务, n = 51			1天	1.5~2.0小时	同时性判断任务	困难难度训练组被试训练后任务准确性提高, 训练后时间绑定窗口缩小。简单难度组训练后时间绑定窗口显著增大。	-	-	-
De Niear等(2018)	20.61	简单刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 8; 语音刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 11; 视觉检测任务, n = 9			3天	1次/1天	视听同时性判断任务	两个训练组在训练任务的时间敏锐度上均有提高。对照组时间绑定窗口未见缩小。	没有将训练转移到未训练的任务	-	闪光和声音任务训练组训练效果在1周后仍然持续。
Theves等 (2020)	20~38	视听同时性判断任务组, n = 20; 无反馈视听同时性判断任务组, n = 16; 听觉oddball检测任务, n = 16			2天	1次/一天 (30~35分钟)	视听同时性判断任务	(1)有反馈训练显著缩小时间绑定窗口(平均降低44%) (2)无反馈训练显著缩小时间绑定窗口, 但幅度较小。听觉oddball训练组TBW没有变化。 (3)训练后, 颞叶敏锐度的增加(80~410 ms时中央和顶叶脑区β波段活动增加)	-	-	-
Horsfall等 (2021)	21.03	明亮刺激的视听同时性判断任务组, 组, n = 11; 暗淡刺激视听同时性判断任务组, n = 10			1天	1次/一天	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	明亮刺激训练导致使用明亮刺激的时间绑定窗口减少。微弱刺激训练的组在训练后时间绑定窗口没有减少。	明亮刺激训练效果没有转移到昏暗刺激下的表现, 对时间绑定窗口没有影响。	-	-
Huang等 (2021)	21.58	SIFI任务训练组, n = 26; 只进行前后测的对照组, n = 28			7天	1次/一天	声音诱发闪光错觉任务	被试对融合和裂变错觉的敏感性降低。训练效果呈线性趋势, 5日后趋于稳定。	与对照组相比, 训练组在裂变错觉上的准确性有提高, 但在融合错觉上没有提高。	-	-
La Rocca等 (2020)	22.1	视听跨模态特征匹配任务组, n = 12; 单视觉运动一致组, n = 12; 听觉噪音与视觉刺激不相关组, n = 12			1天	1次/一天 1次/20分钟	视觉运动一致任务	训练后, 神经网络包括前额叶、顶叶和视觉皮层在γ (60~120Hz)和β (15~30Hz)波段出现大规模同步