老年人的智慧

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00885

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智慧是个体在其人生经历中习得的一种德才一体的综合心理素质, 是成功老龄化的重要标志和毕生发展的理想终点。研究发现, 三维智慧量表、自我评估智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷等自陈式测量和柏林智慧范式、智慧推理等表现式测量对老年人智慧评估具有良好性能; 老年人智慧发展受到开放性、自我反思、情绪调节、人格成长等内在因素以及受教育程度、关键生活经历、社会环境等外在因素的交互影响; 毕生发展的智慧为老年人带来更高主观幸福感、生活满意度以及更少社会疏离感、孤独感和抑郁。未来应该开发多测度、整合的老年人智慧测评工具; 深入揭示老年人智慧的预测因素、影响后效及其内部作用机制; 进一步探索社区养老服务中老年人智慧的干预与培育策略。

结果变量

关键词: 智慧, 老年人, 测量, 反思, 幸福感

Abstract:

In the past 40 years, researchers have explored and constructed diverse definitions and components of wisdom. They have gradually reached a consensus that wisdom is the application of meta-cognition to reason and solve problems based on the morality. Wisdom is also closely related to individual life experience, personal growth and even physical maturity. Therefore, wisdom can be defined as a psychological quality that integrates intelligence with morality.
Among the measurements of wisdom applied in old age, the self-reported scales mainly include the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS), self-assessed wisdom scale (SAWS), and the adult self-transcendence inventory (ASTI), the performance-based methods mainly include the Berlin wisdom paradigm and the wisdom reasoning. According to the results, wisdom in old age is relatively well, but there may not be a linear relationship between the aging and the increasing of wisdom in the middle and late adulthood, the cognitive or knowledge components of wisdom reach a peak at a certain age (such as 50 to 55 years old), and after that they begin to decline, and the reflective and emotional components of wisdom will not decline, due to the growth of psychosocial development and perspective-taking ability, emotional regulation, and empathy or compassionate for others, they will even increase with age. Therefore, aging may not be a necessary or sufficient condition for wisdom.
Studies have shown that micro-factors such as the challenges in life experience, critical life events, and social changes encountered in the life course of individual are external factors that may promote the development of wisdom in the old age; psychological resources such as sense of control, personal growth, emotional regulation, openness to experience and exploratory self-reflection that contribute to the development of individual meta-cognition are internal factors that may promote the development of wisdom in the old age; meanwhile, the orientation of pro-social moral value, the subjective motivation of pursuing the growth of wisdom or the meaning in life may be the important intermediary mechanism for learning wisdom from life experience.
Wisdom can significantly and positively predict the quality of life in the old, and can help the old people obtain life goals and sense of control, which having more important impact on their well-being. Wisdom can also act as a mediating or moderating role to buffer or reduce the negative impact of negative factors on the life satisfaction and well-being of the old, thereby relieving the solitude and oppression, alleviating the feelings of loneliness, depression, and social alienation in the old age.
There are still some limitations in the psychological research on the wisdom in old age: First, whether wisdom increases, declines or remains stable in the later stages of adulthood, the conclusions still rely on the definition, conceptualization and measurement of wisdom; secondly, the researches on the antecedents of the wisdom in the old age fail to reveal the internal mechanism of the relevant resources in the development of wisdom; thirdly, the researches on the consequences of the wisdom in the old age fail to reveal the interventional roles of wisdom or different components of wisdom; finally, there are still lack of specific and operable interventions and cultivation methods for promoting wisdom. In the future, it is necessary to develop the measurement tools that integrate various sources based on self-reporting and behavioral performance measurement, and balance the content of natural wisdom and humanistic wisdom; examine the development trajectory of individual wisdom and its psychological mechanism in the life course; conduct the longitudinal researches and experimental researches to in-depth research on the causal relationship between wisdom and well-being and the positive functions of wisdom; continue to explore the interventional conditions and promoting measures for the wisdom of the old in the practice of old care services in community, thus inspire the wisdom of the old people and promote their successful aging.

Key words: wisdom, older adults, measurement, reflection, well-being

中图分类号:

B844

陈浩彬, 汪凤炎. (2021). 老年人的智慧. 心理科学进展 , 29(5), 885-893.

CHEN Haobin, WANG Fengyan. (2021). Wisdom in old age. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(5), 885-893.

图/表 3

参考文献 47

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类型	名称	描述	信度	效度	主要结果
自陈式智慧测量	三维智慧量表(Ardelt, 2003)	包括认知、反思与情感(同情)三个维度, 共39个项目, 采用Likert 5点计分	内部一致性信度: 3个维度的α系数在0.71~ 0.85之间	聚合效度: 被提名为智慧的人3D-WS得分更高; 质性访谈者的智慧评分与3D-WS得分显著相关效标效度: 3D-WS得分与掌控感、总体幸福感、生活目标和主观健康呈正相关, 与抑郁症状、经济压力感、死亡回避和死亡恐惧呈负相关	3D-WS得分与老龄呈显著负相关。老年人在情感与反思维度得分显著高于年轻人
	自我评估智慧量表(Webster, 2003)	包括关键生活经验、回顾/反思、开放性、情绪调节、幽默五个维度, 共40个项目, 采用Likert 6点计分	内部一致性信度: 5个维度的α系数在0.88~ 0.90之间	效标效度: SAWS得分与繁衍感、自我整合和其他积极心理社会价值观呈正相关; 与享乐主义价值观和依恋回避呈负相关	SAWS得分与年龄相关不显著。老年人在情绪调节、生活经验维度得分高于年轻人
	成人自我超越问卷(Levenson et al. 2005)	包含自我超越和疏离两个维度, 共18个项目, 采用Likert 4点计分	内部一致性信度: 两个维度的α系数分别为0.75、0.64	效标效度: 自我超越与神经质呈负相关, 与其他4个人格维度呈正相关; 疏离与神经质呈正相关, 与外倾性、宜人性和责任心呈负相关, 与开放性不相关	ASTI得分与年龄相关不显著。老年人的自我超越智慧高于青少年
表现式智慧测量	柏林智慧范式(Baltes & Staudinger, 2000)	评分者根据事实性知识、程序性知识、生命情境主义、价值观相对主义/容忍、认知和管理不确定性/模糊性五项标准采用Likert 7点计分对被试回答进行评估	内部一致性信度: 5项评分标准之间的相关系数r在0.50 ~ 0.77之间, 评分者信度: α系数在0.51~0.99之间	聚合效度: 被同伴提名为智慧的人在智慧表现任务上得分更高效标效度: BWP得分与各种包含智力和人格的结构显著相关	BWP得分与年龄相关不显著。老年专家的智慧任务得分高于中青年专家
表现式智慧测量	智慧推理方法(Grossmann et al. 2010)	评分者根据考虑各方观点、认识改变的可能性、认识冲突的可能发展(灵活性)、认识自己知识的局限并承认不确定性、寻求折中方案、寻找冲突解决方案六个维度采用Likert 3点计分对回答进行评估	评分者信度: κ系数在0.52~ 0.98之间	聚合效度: 专家和智慧研究者采用柏林智慧范式对回答的智慧高低排序与评分者的评分一致区分效度: 专家和智慧研究者对高分回答的智慧评价显著高于低分的回答	人际冲突WR得分不存在年龄差异, 但社会冲突WR得分随年龄增长而提高。老年人更多使用高阶推理方案, 在社交困境和冲突推理方面表现更好

类型	名称	描述	信度	效度	主要结果
自陈式智慧测量	三维智慧量表(Ardelt, 2003)	包括认知、反思与情感(同情)三个维度, 共39个项目, 采用Likert 5点计分	内部一致性信度: 3个维度的α系数在0.71~ 0.85之间	聚合效度: 被提名为智慧的人3D-WS得分更高; 质性访谈者的智慧评分与3D-WS得分显著相关效标效度: 3D-WS得分与掌控感、总体幸福感、生活目标和主观健康呈正相关, 与抑郁症状、经济压力感、死亡回避和死亡恐惧呈负相关	3D-WS得分与老龄呈显著负相关。老年人在情感与反思维度得分显著高于年轻人
	自我评估智慧量表(Webster, 2003)	包括关键生活经验、回顾/反思、开放性、情绪调节、幽默五个维度, 共40个项目, 采用Likert 6点计分	内部一致性信度: 5个维度的α系数在0.88~ 0.90之间	效标效度: SAWS得分与繁衍感、自我整合和其他积极心理社会价值观呈正相关; 与享乐主义价值观和依恋回避呈负相关	SAWS得分与年龄相关不显著。老年人在情绪调节、生活经验维度得分高于年轻人
	成人自我超越问卷(Levenson et al. 2005)	包含自我超越和疏离两个维度, 共18个项目, 采用Likert 4点计分	内部一致性信度: 两个维度的α系数分别为0.75、0.64	效标效度: 自我超越与神经质呈负相关, 与其他4个人格维度呈正相关; 疏离与神经质呈正相关, 与外倾性、宜人性和责任心呈负相关, 与开放性不相关	ASTI得分与年龄相关不显著。老年人的自我超越智慧高于青少年
表现式智慧测量	柏林智慧范式(Baltes & Staudinger, 2000)	评分者根据事实性知识、程序性知识、生命情境主义、价值观相对主义/容忍、认知和管理不确定性/模糊性五项标准采用Likert 7点计分对被试回答进行评估	内部一致性信度: 5项评分标准之间的相关系数r在0.50 ~ 0.77之间, 评分者信度: α系数在0.51~0.99之间	聚合效度: 被同伴提名为智慧的人在智慧表现任务上得分更高效标效度: BWP得分与各种包含智力和人格的结构显著相关	BWP得分与年龄相关不显著。老年专家的智慧任务得分高于中青年专家
表现式智慧测量	智慧推理方法(Grossmann et al. 2010)	评分者根据考虑各方观点、认识改变的可能性、认识冲突的可能发展(灵活性)、认识自己知识的局限并承认不确定性、寻求折中方案、寻找冲突解决方案六个维度采用Likert 3点计分对回答进行评估	评分者信度: κ系数在0.52~ 0.98之间	聚合效度: 专家和智慧研究者采用柏林智慧范式对回答的智慧高低排序与评分者的评分一致区分效度: 专家和智慧研究者对高分回答的智慧评价显著高于低分的回答	人际冲突WR得分不存在年龄差异, 但社会冲突WR得分随年龄增长而提高。老年人更多使用高阶推理方案, 在社交困境和冲突推理方面表现更好

文献来源	前因变量	重要贡献	测量方法	研究样本
Ardelt (2000)	社会环境	成年早期的社会环境显著正向影响40年后的智慧	自我评估量表、加利福尼亚Q分类表	女82人, 59~81岁
Pasupathi & Staudinger (2001)	道德推理	道德推理和与智慧相关的表现成正相关	柏林智慧范式	220人, 20~87岁
Ardelt (2003)	时间、经验	智慧的发展需要时间和经验	三维智慧量表	180人, 52~87岁
Levenson et al. (2005)	神经质、开放性、宜人性和责任心, 冥想	神经质负向预测自我超越, 开放性、宜人性和责任心正向预测自我超越; 冥想正向预测自我超越	成人自我超越问卷	341人, 18~73岁
Ardelt (2010)	受教育程度	受教育程度更高更可能拥有或发展与智慧相关的特征	三维智慧量表	178人, 52~87岁
K?nig & Glück (2014)	感恩	智慧需要对生活及经历的感恩, 尤其是负性事件可能带来的成长机会	柏林智慧范式	47人, 26~92岁
Grossmann & Kross (2014)	自我抽离	自我抽离能够消除有关亲密关系的智慧推理中自我-他人的不对称性	智慧推理方法	469人, 60~80岁
Wink & Staudinger (2016)	人格成长、人格适应、繁衍感	人格成长显著预测与智慧相关的表现, 人格适应和繁衍感分别通过人格成长间接预测与智慧相关的表现	柏林智慧范式	163人, 68~77岁
Weststrate & Glück (2017)	探索性自我反思	对艰难生活经历的探索性自我反思能够促进智慧的发展	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式	47人, 26~92岁
Ardelt, Gerlach et al.(2018)	开放性、代表人格适应与人格成长的特征	成年早期的开放性预测60年后的智慧, 老年的智慧可以追溯至毕生的心理社会成长, 支持性的童年、青少年的能力、成年早期的情绪稳定和中年的繁衍感有助于晚年的智慧	三维智慧量表	男98人, 80岁
Ardelt, Pridgen et al.(2018)	教育	教育可以促进智慧的获得, 也可以使个体在生命后期避免智慧的下降	三维智慧量表	14248人, 18~98岁
Igarashi et al. (2018)	艰难生活事件、成长中的社会环境	社会环境促进与智慧有关的方面: 自我认知、同情、对不确定性的适应和接受复杂性	半结构化访谈	50人, 56~91岁
Weststrate et al. (2018)	自我反思、培育智慧的事件	对关系事件和生命威胁/死亡事件的重构性和分析性自我反思能够培育智慧	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式、不莱梅智慧范式	502人, 48.87± 6.86岁
Glücket al. (2019)	掌控感、开放性、反思、情绪调节、共情	MORE是智慧重要预测因素, 资源水平高的个体更易以促进学习和增长智慧的方式应对改变生活的经历	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式	170人, 40~92岁

文献来源	前因变量	重要贡献	测量方法	研究样本
Ardelt (2000)	社会环境	成年早期的社会环境显著正向影响40年后的智慧	自我评估量表、加利福尼亚Q分类表	女82人, 59~81岁
Pasupathi & Staudinger (2001)	道德推理	道德推理和与智慧相关的表现成正相关	柏林智慧范式	220人, 20~87岁
Ardelt (2003)	时间、经验	智慧的发展需要时间和经验	三维智慧量表	180人, 52~87岁
Levenson et al. (2005)	神经质、开放性、宜人性和责任心, 冥想	神经质负向预测自我超越, 开放性、宜人性和责任心正向预测自我超越; 冥想正向预测自我超越	成人自我超越问卷	341人, 18~73岁
Ardelt (2010)	受教育程度	受教育程度更高更可能拥有或发展与智慧相关的特征	三维智慧量表	178人, 52~87岁
K?nig & Glück (2014)	感恩	智慧需要对生活及经历的感恩, 尤其是负性事件可能带来的成长机会	柏林智慧范式	47人, 26~92岁
Grossmann & Kross (2014)	自我抽离	自我抽离能够消除有关亲密关系的智慧推理中自我-他人的不对称性	智慧推理方法	469人, 60~80岁
Wink & Staudinger (2016)	人格成长、人格适应、繁衍感	人格成长显著预测与智慧相关的表现, 人格适应和繁衍感分别通过人格成长间接预测与智慧相关的表现	柏林智慧范式	163人, 68~77岁
Weststrate & Glück (2017)	探索性自我反思	对艰难生活经历的探索性自我反思能够促进智慧的发展	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式	47人, 26~92岁
Ardelt, Gerlach et al.(2018)	开放性、代表人格适应与人格成长的特征	成年早期的开放性预测60年后的智慧, 老年的智慧可以追溯至毕生的心理社会成长, 支持性的童年、青少年的能力、成年早期的情绪稳定和中年的繁衍感有助于晚年的智慧	三维智慧量表	男98人, 80岁
Ardelt, Pridgen et al.(2018)	教育	教育可以促进智慧的获得, 也可以使个体在生命后期避免智慧的下降	三维智慧量表	14248人, 18~98岁
Igarashi et al. (2018)	艰难生活事件、成长中的社会环境	社会环境促进与智慧有关的方面: 自我认知、同情、对不确定性的适应和接受复杂性	半结构化访谈	50人, 56~91岁
Weststrate et al. (2018)	自我反思、培育智慧的事件	对关系事件和生命威胁/死亡事件的重构性和分析性自我反思能够培育智慧	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式、不莱梅智慧范式	502人, 48.87± 6.86岁
Glücket al. (2019)	掌控感、开放性、反思、情绪调节、共情	MORE是智慧重要预测因素, 资源水平高的个体更易以促进学习和增长智慧的方式应对改变生活的经历	自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、成人自我超越问卷、柏林智慧范式	170人, 40~92岁

文献来源	结果变量	重要贡献	测量方法	研究样本
Ardelt (1997)	生活满意度	智慧与生活满意度呈高相关, 智慧显著预测老年人的生活满意度	自我评估量表、加利福尼亚Q分类表	121人, 58~82岁
Ardelt (2000)	生活满意度、身体健康、家庭关系质量	智慧正向影响生活满意度、身体健康、家庭关系质量。智慧是健康老龄化的重要预测因素	自我评估量表、加利福尼亚Q分类表	女82人, 59~81岁
Ardelt (2003)	掌控感、总体幸福感、生活目标、主观健康、抑郁症状、经济压力感、死亡回避、死亡恐惧	智慧正向预测掌控感、总体幸福感、生活目标和主观健康, 负向预测抑郁症状、经济压力感、死亡回避和死亡恐惧	三维智慧量表	180人, 52~87岁
Bergsma & Ardelt (2012)	快乐	智慧比其他人口学变量更能预测快乐	三维智慧量表	7037人, 40~59岁
Webster et al. (2014)	心理健康	智慧与心理健康呈正相关, 智慧的人通过追求有意义的活动提升心理健康	自我评估智慧量表	512人, 17~92岁
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013)	积极情感、消极情感	智慧通过适应性应对方式、意义感和感知控制的中介正向预测积极情感, 通过意义感和感知控制的中介负向预测消极情感	三维智慧量表	360人, 45~79岁
Grossmann et al.(2013)	幸福感	智慧推理与更高生活满意度、更低消极情感, 更好社会关系, 更少抑郁冗思, 言语中使用更多积极词汇而不是消极词汇以及更长寿命相关	智慧推理方法	241人, 41~90岁
Ardelt & Edwards (2015)	主观幸福感、生活目标、掌控感	智慧既可以通过生活目标的部分中介作用直接影响主观幸福感, 也可以通过掌控感中介智慧与生活目标之间的关系而间接影响主观幸福感	三维智慧量表	197人, 52~98岁
Ardelt (2016)	主观幸福感、掌控感、生活目标以及身体健康	智慧与更好的主观幸福感、掌控感、生活目标以及身体健康呈显著相关。老年人的智慧能够对身体、心理和主观幸福感产生有益影响	三维智慧量表	123人, 55~87岁
Ardelt & Jeste (2018)	幸福感	智慧在早年负性生活事件经历与当前主观幸福感的关系中起调节作用	三维智慧量表	994人, 51~99岁
Ardelt & Ferrari (2019)	主观幸福感	智慧正向预测主观幸福感, 掌控感和生活目标部分中介智慧与幸福感之间的关系	三维智慧量表	111人, 62~99岁
Brudek & Sekowski (2019)	死亡态度	智慧在生命的意义与目的感和对死亡的态度之间的关系中起中介作用	三维智慧量表	567人, 40~75岁