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25 December 1989, Volume 21 Issue 04 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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WORD FLUENCY: AGE DIFFERENCE IN ADULTHOOD AND RELATIONSHIP WITH WORD MEMORY Xu Shulian,Sun Hongke,Wu Zhiping Institute of Psychology, Academia Sinica Lang Fang Teacher's Special School,Hebei 1989, 21 (04):  3-11.  Abstract ( 581 )   78 cases of young, middle-aged and old healthy adults were tested tostudy age differences in speaking, reading and writing word fluency andits relation to word memory. The results indicated that: (1 )most abilitiesof word fluency and word memory declined in the elderly, however, theperformances on two tests of reading colored word and naming word col-or in Stroop Test started to decline in middle-age; (2 )besides age fact-or, the performances of word fluency were also influenced by the educa-tional levels of subjects and the contents of tests, and there existed inter-actions between age and educational level or that between age and test.The lower the educational level of subjects the more difficult the testtask was, the larger the age difference (3 ) the correlations betweenword memory and tasks of word fluency were significant. A possibleexplanation is that both kinds of tests mainly consist of memory andattention processes; and(4 )females did much better than males in the twocolor naming tests and the word generation of a given category task. Related Articles | Metrics

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A COMPARISION OF READING COMPREHENSION PROCESSES IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH Zhang Biyin,Joseph H. Danks Beijing Normal University China Kent State University U.S.A. 1989, 21 (04):  12-19.  Abstract ( 500 )   This is a cross-culture comparative research between Chinese and U.S. students in universities. Syntactic, semantic and factual informationwere violated in a story. Native speakers read the story aloud and theprotocols were scored. The results show that U.S. readers adopted afocused strategy and Chinese readers adopted amore diffused strategy.There are also some similarities in Chinese and English reading proces-ses. Related Articles | Metrics

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EFFECTS OF QIGONG ON PERSONALITY IN THE ELDERLY Tang Cimei,Wang Jinming,Lu Zongyu,Wei Xing,Sun Lihua Institute of Psychology, Academia Sinica 1989, 21 (04):  20-24.  Abstract ( 621 )   Personality and behavior pattern were investigated with Eysenck Per-sonality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Type A Behavior Pattern Questionnaireon 122 subjects who had practiced qigong for more than two years withthe average age of 65. 0±4. 9. The control group included 90 Ss aged 65±4. 4subjects who never practiced qigong. It is found that N score of EPQwas significantly lower in the qigong group than those in the control group.The subjects with type A behavior pattern were fewer in the qigong groupthan those in the control group, but no significant difference was found. Thescore of TH+CH of behavior pattern in subjects who had practiced qigongfor 5-7 years was significantly lower than those subjects who had prac-ticed qigong for only 2-4 years. These results suggest that qigong isuseful to the improvement of neuroticism dimension of EPQ in theelderly. Type A behavior pattern can be changed by practicing qigong,and at least 5 years' practice is necessary for this change. Related Articles | Metrics

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PRELIMINARY PROBE INTO THE METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING THE COMBINATORIAL SYSTEM AND INRC-GROUP IN FORMAL OPERATION Li Qiwei East China Normal University 1989, 21 (04):  25-34.  Abstract ( 627 )   The article discusses the importance of combinatorial system in formalthinking and the necessity to take it directly as the object of study. Theinadiquacy to prove the existence of the combinatorial system with Piaget'sclassical experiment, and the difficulties to identify the existence of thecombinatorial system with tautological reasoning or language criteria areanalysed. On such a base, a new method is proposed to study the combin-atorial system by working out test questions according to the logical mea-ning of each binary operation implied in the combinatorial system. Thefocus of the article is on methodology rather than concrete experimentalresults. The result of the test has to some extent suggested that the binaryoperations of combinatorial system can be mastered by some of the teenagers.It has also proved the existence of INRC-group. But for lack of adequateproof of the universality of combinatorial system, the difficulties ofusing it as the structural model of formal thinking remains a problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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EFFECTS OF AMBIENT ILLUMINANT INTENSITY,COLOR TEMPERATURE AND TARGET LUMINANCE ON COLOR CODING IN A CRT DISPLAY Xu Wei,Zhu Zuxiang Hangzhou University 1989, 21 (04):  35-43.  Abstract ( 929 )   In the paper, the effects of absolute color-identification on a CRTdisplay were compared under different experimertal conditions, i. e.ambient illuminant intensity, color temperature and target luminance. Theresults indicated that the performance of the color-identification were de-teriorated when ambient illuminant intensity was increased. The perfor-mance of the color-identification under the 2800K color temperature werebetter than that under the 1800K and the 5800K. The performances of thetarget color at high luminance were superior to those at low luminance.Some color were chosen to make up the color codihg system on the CRTdisplay under various ambient illuminant conditions, the number of thecolors and the range of selected color for the color coding could be expan-ded by increasing the target luminance on the CRT display. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MEMORY OF OVERLAPPING TASKS (Ⅰ) Fang Liluo,Gao Jing Institute of Psychology,Academia Sinica 1989, 21 (04):  44-49.  Abstract ( 545 )   Many supervisory tasks such as piloting aircraft and operating auto-mated factors as well as daily living pose requirements to remember ran-domly occuring stimuli (S) calling for specified responses (R) at specifiedtime, where S-R intervals overlap in complex ways. In this experiment,this S-R situation is simulated. Simple messages were presented on thescreen of IBM PC/XT randomly and briefly to specify alphanumeric keyswhich had to be pressed at an indicated time. The results of the experi-ment are as follows: (Ⅰ) intervallic time for the stimulus presentationinfluences the performances of overlap memory which will increase withthe increasing of the intervallic time and explain the fraction of time busyis one of the time factors of the mental workload. Related Articles | Metrics

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ASYMMETRY OF SIGN LANGUAGE HANDEDNESS IN THE DEAF Wang Naiyi,Lin Hanjing Institute of Psychology, Academia Sinica Beijing Second Deaf-Mute School 1989, 21 (04):  50-54.  Abstract ( 920 )   The distributions of handedness in the deaf is as marked as that of thepeople with hearing and the distributions of handedness in congenitally andacquired deafness are almost the same. It has been shown that earlyauditory experiences do not affect the distributions of handedness. Our re-sults also show that there is a close relationship between handedness andhand-using sign language. The right handers all use their right hands for theprimary movements of one-handed and two-handed sign language, but thecontrary is the case with the left handers. Related Articles | Metrics

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NAME AGREEMENT, FAMILIARITY, IMAGE AGREEMENT AND VISUAL COMPLEXITY FOR 235 PICTURES Shu Hua,Cheng Yuan-Shan, Zhang Hou-can Beijing Normal University 1989, 21 (04):  55-62.  Abstract ( 880 )   Using naming task and scale-rating method, name agreement, famil-iarity, image agreement and visual complexity of 235 pictures are separ-ately measured, with 142 undergraduate students. The result indicatesthat except the name agreement, the means of the other three indexesare close to those obtained by Snodgrass, suggesting that the set of pictu-res is fit for Chinese subjects. The result also shows that the indexes arenot homogenous because low correlations exist between them. Familiarityand name agreement are very important factors when designing pictureexperiments. Related Articles | Metrics

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A REVIEW CONCERNING THE DISPUTE OVER THE METHOD OF INTROSPECTION Jin Zhicheng,Zhou Guotao Northeast Normal University 1989, 21 (04):  63-69.  Abstract ( 603 )   In this paper several controversies over the method of introspectionon the history of psychology is reviewed and the author holds that (1 )introspection is one of the research methods of psychology but has itslimits; (2 ) the methods of introspection, from W. Wundt's experimentalintrospection method to the oral record method emphasized by the currentcognitive psychologists, were always used together with the experimentalmethod under the circumstance that certain conditians were controlled,so, the method of introspection cannot, be evaluate in isolation; (3 )sincethe method of introspection is always used together with experimentalmethod, it can be used to study the results of mental activities as wellas the mental process. Related Articles | Metrics

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SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY IN USA Chen Yongsheng Institute of Information, Shandong Academy of Social Sciences 1989, 21 (04):  70-77.  Abstract ( 706 )   This article outlines the nature and development of school psychologyand the role of school psychologists in USA and the author's commentsin the light of the conditions of our country. The author of this articleholds that it is of great importance to learn from the experiences of foreigncountries in establishing school psychology——a new applied field——in China, and in practising psychological consultation and service at alllevels of school systems, in order to spread the social influence of psych-ology and increase employment opportunities for applied psychologists. Related Articles | Metrics

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GENERAL DISCUSSION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT DEVELOPMENT IN ANCIENT CHINA Yan Guocai Shanghai Normal University 1989, 21 (04):  78-84.  Abstract ( 529 )   The article discusses two points: (1 ) educational thought developmentin ancient China had four basic charateristics, with the thought ofConfucianism as the main body, concerning all the psychological problemsin education, but not reaching all integrated structural system.(2 ) Six achievements and contributions of the educational thought deve-lopment in ancient China are as follows: the proposal of the doctrine ofobtaining knowledge by study and controversies on human nature andpractice, preliminarily discovering the process and law of learning,preliminarily exploring the structure and process of morality, generallysummarizing a list of principles and methods of learning and morality,generally investigating the function of non-intelligence factors, providinga research method for summing up experiences. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S SPATIAL IMAGES AMONG THE 3-7-YEAR-OLDS——A COMPARISON WITH THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY AMONG THE 8-13-YEAR-OLDS Li Wenfu,Xu Fan,Xi Huiyuan Institute of Psychology, Academia Sinica 1989, 21 (04):  85-93.  Abstract ( 546 )   This experiment was conducted on young children (aged from 3 to 7)and based on the previous study, "Study on children's prediction andidentification of spatial positional relationship between the ages of 8 and13". 200 Ss were divided into 5 age groups (40 Ss in each group), theywere tested in the present study. The procedure included two steps: theprocedure of the previous study was repeated on the first step; an ob-ject with an obvious mark on each of the four sides was used as stimulus. The findings of the experiment further illustrated (a) children's per-ceptural experiences and obvious marks of objects are important factorsin the children's development of spatial cognition; (b) the egocentrism ismost significant in 8-year-old children; (c) the developmental stages insolving the three-mountain problem in Chinese children are the same asdiscribed by Piaget; (d) there are two kinds of relations between chil-dren's performance and errors in this task: the changes of performance areconsistent with the tendency of allocentralization after 8 and withother errors before 7. The data of the study tells us something aboutdevelopmental stages and features in the three-mountain problem of Chin-ese children. Related Articles | Metrics

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MORDERN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHSE TO WORD RECOGNITION:INTRODUCTION TO MODELS OF WORD RECOGNITION Tan Lihai & Peng Danling Psychology Department, Beijing Normal University 1989, 21 (04):  94-101.  Abstract ( 558 )   In recent studies, many psychologists have found that word recognitioncould be affected by various factors, such as word shape, pronounceabil-ity, context, word frequency and meaning. But do not arrive in agreementon the issue of the mechanisms of these factors. The present paper willintroduce some typical models of word recognition. And this will be helpfulfor exploration of the basic processes of Chinese word recognition. Related Articles | Metrics

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EFFECT OF SHR COME ON AFTER STRESS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION Zhao Feng,Wang Wen,Liu Lisheng Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 1989, 21 (04):  102-106.  Abstract ( 564 )   Social-Psychological stress was closely related to psychosomatic dise-ases. Why could it cause psychosomatic diseases and worsen some di-seases? We have no satisfactory answers so far. The blood pressure of SHRbefor and after laboratory stress were compared in this experiment andpreliminary mechanisms of action studied. It was found that stressstate could cause SHR coming on beforehand and worsen the diseasescontinuously. After stress, the NE~*, E~* and VIP~* increased obviously,indicating that social-psychological stress was closely related to essentialhypertensiveness. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE ELDERLY'S PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO LIFE AFTER RETIREMENT Shi Ronghua East China Normal University, Shanghai 1989, 21 (04):  107-114.  Abstract ( 876 )   In the present study the condition of aged people's psychologicaladaptation to their retirement was investigated. Among the retired people70% adapted well, while 30% maladapted. The results of the investiga-tion show: (1) there are significant relations between retirement adaptationand age, sex, education levels, and professions; (2) the initial passivereactions of retired aged people correlate negatively to the psychologicalpreparation for their retirement; (3) the retirement adaptation is also ef-fected by satisfaction to one's prior life; (4) most of the retired agedpeople who are re-employed or engaged in recreations adapt quite well. Related Articles | Metrics