中国人谦虚特质的结构与内涵

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1405

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

谦虚是中国文化推崇的传统美德, 对于个体、组织和社会均有积极的作用。本研究结合质性研究、语料库整理和以往量表梳理汇总的方法, 构建了中国文化下谦虚特质的结构, 并开发了中国文化下的谦虚量表, 其包括自知、敬人、辩证、低调和进取5个维度。基于谦虚的5维度结构, 研究采取潜在剖面分析的方法, 发现中国文化下谦虚的类型包括“谦虚”、“中等谦虚”、“过度谦虚”、“不谦虚”和“策略谦虚”5种。研究明晰了中国文化下谦虚概念的内涵, 为未来的谦虚研究以及识别和选拔兼具能力与谦虚特质的复合型人才提供新的测量工具, 对继承和弘扬谦虚传统美德、促进个体发展和社会和谐具有积极作用。

关键词: 谦虚, 扎根理论, 潜在剖面分析

Abstract:

Humility is a quality and virtue valued by both Eastern and Western cultures, playing a positive role for individuals, organizations, and society. Moreover, some researchers suggest that humility serves as the foundation for the development of other moral virtues. In recent years, several studies have examined the conceptualization of humility within the Chinese cultural context, identifying differences from Western perspectives primarily in its value-based and instrumental attributes. Given the conceptual complexity of humility and its cultural influences, this study aimed to explore the personality structure and cultural conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture and to develop a culturally appropriate measure of humility.

Study 1 employed qualitative methods, interviewing 20 participants to obtain first-hand data on the concept of humility. Based on Study 1, Study 2 integrated analysis of humility-related linguistic materials and existing scales to propose a preliminary structural model of humility in Chinese culture and generate an initial item pool. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 394) was conducted to identify the preliminary dimensions and items of the CHS. Study 3 further conducted confirmatory factor analysis (N = 291) and reliability analysis (N₁ = 291, N₂ = 200 and an offline sample of N₃ = 112), followed by validity analysis (N = 271), to finalize the scale. To further explore the characteristics and cultural specificity of humility, Study 4 employed latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify different humility types and compared the humility structure between Chinese (N = 981) and Western (N = 273) samples.

Results from Studies 1-3 established the 19-item CHS, comprising five dimensions: Accurate Self-Perception, Other-Enhancement, Dialectical Thinking, Self-Effacement, and Self-Improvement. The validity analyses in Study 3 further showed that the CHS was moderately positively correlated with existing Western measures of humility. Furthermore, the CHS demonstrated significant correlations with dimensions of HEXACO personality, dialectical self, Zhongyong thinking, narcissism, and self-esteem. In Study 4, LPA revealed five latent profiles of humility within the Chinese context: “Humble”, “Moderately Humble”, “Overly Humble”, “Unhumble”, and “Strategically Humble”. Notably, Western participants scored significantly lower than their Chinese counterparts on Dialectical Thinking and Self-Effacement, and the “Overly Humble” profile was absent in the Western sample.

Overall, across four studies, this research systematically investigated the personality structure and conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture and developed the Chinese Humility Scale. The findings advance theoretical understanding of humility as a culturally embedded virtue and offer a new measurement tool for future research. Furthermore, the application of latent profile analysis to identify distinct humility profiles illuminates the cultural specificity of this construct and offers a new perspective for cross-cultural research.

Key words: humility, grounded theory, latent profile analysis

中图分类号:

B848

汪鑫, 吴艳红. (2026). 中国人谦虚特质的结构与内涵. 心理学报, 58(7), 1405-1427.

WANG Xin, WU Yanhong. (2026). The personality structure and cultural conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(7), 1405-1427.

图/表 19

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含义	出处	解释
敬	①谦, 敬也。从言, 兼声。——《说文解字》(许慎) ②谦必以敬为本, 始不流于虚伪, 故许君直以敬训谦也。——《说文解字约注》(张舜徽)	在内心和行动上表现出对人对事的恭敬
让	①谦, 轻也, 让也。——《玉篇·言部》 ②谦, 尊而光, 卑而不可逾, 君子之终也。——《彖辞》	进行一定的自我克制, 恪守本分, 礼让他人
兼 (不自足)	①愚以兼声声类求之, 谦盖谓言之不自足者也。知者, 兼声之字多含薄小不足之义。——《积微居小学述林·释谦》(杨树达) ②谦, 不自满也。——《字汇·言部》	拥有积极进取的态度, 不会因满足于目前的成绩而志得意满
虚	①谦, 虚也。——《玉篇·言部》 ②谦, 损也。——孔晁 ③谦: 虚心, 不自高自大。——《新华字典》	意识到自己原本拥有的东西也可能丧失, 面对现在的成就不能自满
通“嫌” (嫌疑)	①贵而不为夸, 信而不处谦。——《荀子·仲尼》 ②谦, 读为嫌, 得信于主, 不处嫌疑间, 使人疑其作威福也。——杨倞	为人处事需要保持谦虚谨慎, 物质上不能奢侈 (自满), 人际交往中保持恭敬谦让
通“慊” (满足)	①所谓诚其意者, 毋自欺也。如恶恶臭, 如好好色。此之谓自谦。 ——《礼记·大学》 ②谦, 读为慊。慊之言厌也。——郑玄 ③谦, 快也, 足也。——《四书集注》(朱熹)	对自己有充分的认识和恰当的定位, 不能贪婪无厌

含义	出处	解释
敬	①谦, 敬也。从言, 兼声。——《说文解字》(许慎) ②谦必以敬为本, 始不流于虚伪, 故许君直以敬训谦也。——《说文解字约注》(张舜徽)	在内心和行动上表现出对人对事的恭敬
让	①谦, 轻也, 让也。——《玉篇·言部》 ②谦, 尊而光, 卑而不可逾, 君子之终也。——《彖辞》	进行一定的自我克制, 恪守本分, 礼让他人
兼 (不自足)	①愚以兼声声类求之, 谦盖谓言之不自足者也。知者, 兼声之字多含薄小不足之义。——《积微居小学述林·释谦》(杨树达) ②谦, 不自满也。——《字汇·言部》	拥有积极进取的态度, 不会因满足于目前的成绩而志得意满
虚	①谦, 虚也。——《玉篇·言部》 ②谦, 损也。——孔晁 ③谦: 虚心, 不自高自大。——《新华字典》	意识到自己原本拥有的东西也可能丧失, 面对现在的成就不能自满
通“嫌” (嫌疑)	①贵而不为夸, 信而不处谦。——《荀子·仲尼》 ②谦, 读为嫌, 得信于主, 不处嫌疑间, 使人疑其作威福也。——杨倞	为人处事需要保持谦虚谨慎, 物质上不能奢侈 (自满), 人际交往中保持恭敬谦让
通“慊” (满足)	①所谓诚其意者, 毋自欺也。如恶恶臭, 如好好色。此之谓自谦。 ——《礼记·大学》 ②谦, 读为慊。慊之言厌也。——郑玄 ③谦, 快也, 足也。——《四书集注》(朱熹)	对自己有充分的认识和恰当的定位, 不能贪婪无厌

类别	子类别	定义	示例	频次
含义	自我贬低	不会把自己看的很重	“谦者, 自贬损以下人”《周易郑康成注》	5
	自我控制	能够克制自己的欲望	“君子卑以自牧则能谦”《汉上易传》	3
	自我完善	积极进取, 提升自己	“承五而用谦顺, 则是上行之道也”《周易》	2
	他人促进	在意并促进他人	“正义曰: 谦者, 屈躬下物, 先人后己, 以此待物, 则所在皆通, 故曰亨也。” 《周易要义》	2
	不争	虽有功绩但不自夸	“劳而不伐, 有功而不德”《周易》	2
	坚持	一直保持谦虚的态度	“谦, 亨, 君子有终”《周易》	8
	不违背原则	不会违背自己的原则	“所以奉上下下无不利者, 非事是君为容悦也, 非持禄养交也, 不违其则而巳”《周易》	1
	不求回报	不追求外在的回报, 而是保持内心的圆满	“虽鸣也而非求应, 以正为吉, 吉自有也”《周易》	2
辩证思想	上下	对上恭敬, 对下尊重	“上以奉六五之君, 下以下九三劳谦之臣, 上下皆得其宜, 故曰无不利挥谦”《周易》	3
	多少	根据事物多少, 施与均衡	“地中有山, 谦, 君子以裒多益寡, 称物平施”《周易》	6
	高低	在高位能够恩泽下面, 处低位保持进取	“谦, 亨, 天道下济而光明, 地道卑而上行”《周易》	6
	强弱	在自己强大的时候能够收敛, 保持克制	“用壮处谦, 壮乃全也”《周易》	3
	顺逆	在逆境时保持谦虚, 最终能够迎来好的结果	“其序则履和执谦, 复本恒久, 损己益人, 然后可以处困”《汉上易传》	1
价值	个人长远发展	坚持谦虚就能得到好的结果, 不谦虚就会招致灾祸	“君子体谦而终也”《汉上易传》	5
	影响力	其他人会尊重和跟随谦虚的人	“谦卑而人尊之, 其道光也”《汉上易传》	6
	道德和礼仪	谦虚是道德和礼仪的关键	“谦, 德之柄也”、“谦以制礼”《周易》	5

类别	子类别	定义	示例	频次
含义	自我贬低	不会把自己看的很重	“谦者, 自贬损以下人”《周易郑康成注》	5
	自我控制	能够克制自己的欲望	“君子卑以自牧则能谦”《汉上易传》	3
	自我完善	积极进取, 提升自己	“承五而用谦顺, 则是上行之道也”《周易》	2
	他人促进	在意并促进他人	“正义曰: 谦者, 屈躬下物, 先人后己, 以此待物, 则所在皆通, 故曰亨也。” 《周易要义》	2
	不争	虽有功绩但不自夸	“劳而不伐, 有功而不德”《周易》	2
	坚持	一直保持谦虚的态度	“谦, 亨, 君子有终”《周易》	8
	不违背原则	不会违背自己的原则	“所以奉上下下无不利者, 非事是君为容悦也, 非持禄养交也, 不违其则而巳”《周易》	1
	不求回报	不追求外在的回报, 而是保持内心的圆满	“虽鸣也而非求应, 以正为吉, 吉自有也”《周易》	2
辩证思想	上下	对上恭敬, 对下尊重	“上以奉六五之君, 下以下九三劳谦之臣, 上下皆得其宜, 故曰无不利挥谦”《周易》	3
	多少	根据事物多少, 施与均衡	“地中有山, 谦, 君子以裒多益寡, 称物平施”《周易》	6
	高低	在高位能够恩泽下面, 处低位保持进取	“谦, 亨, 天道下济而光明, 地道卑而上行”《周易》	6
	强弱	在自己强大的时候能够收敛, 保持克制	“用壮处谦, 壮乃全也”《周易》	3
	顺逆	在逆境时保持谦虚, 最终能够迎来好的结果	“其序则履和执谦, 复本恒久, 损己益人, 然后可以处困”《汉上易传》	1
价值	个人长远发展	坚持谦虚就能得到好的结果, 不谦虚就会招致灾祸	“君子体谦而终也”《汉上易传》	5
	影响力	其他人会尊重和跟随谦虚的人	“谦卑而人尊之, 其道光也”《汉上易传》	6
	道德和礼仪	谦虚是道德和礼仪的关键	“谦, 德之柄也”、“谦以制礼”《周易》	5

编号	量表名称	作者
1	Honesty-humility Modesty facet	(Ashton & Lee, 2007)
2	The Big-Five Modesty Trait	(Costa & McCrae, 1992)
3	Modest Behavior Scale	(Chen et al., 2009)
4	Expressed Humility Scale	(Owens et al., 2013)
5	Relational Humility Scale	(Davis et al., 2011)
6	The Humility/Modesty Subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths	(Park et al., 2004)
7	Healthy humility inventory	(Quiros, 2006)
8	Humility subscale of the servant leadership survey	(van Dierendonck & Nuijten, 2011)
9	Intellectual Humility Scale	(McElroy et al., 2014)
10	the General Intellectual Humility Scale	(Leary et al., 2017)
11	the Porter Intellectual Humility Scale	(Porter & Schumann, 2018)
12	Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale	(Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016)
13	Cultural Humility Scale	(Hook et al., 2013)
14	Specific Intellectual Humility Scale	(Hoyle et al., 2016)
15	Spiritual Humility Scale	(Davis et al., 2010)
16	Dispositional Humility Scale	(Landrum, 2011)
17	Humility subscale of the Schwartz values survey	(Schwartz et al., 2012)
18	Brief state humility scale	(Kruse et al., 2017)
19	Experiences of Humility Scale	(Davis et al., 2017)
20	Humility Scale	(Elliott, 2010)
21	Chinese Modesty Scale	(Xiong et al., 2018)
22	大学生自谦认同度评定问卷	(胡金生, 黄希庭, 2009)
23	大学生谦虚问卷	(谢威士, 汪凤炎, 2014)
24	中国人自谦动机问卷	(胡金生, 2009)
25	中学生自谦量表	(赵清清, 2014)
26	真诚性谦虚和策略性谦虚量表	(施媛媛, 2016)