中国人谦虚特质的结构与内涵

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1405

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 谦虚是中国文化推崇的传统美德, 对于个体、组织和社会均有积极的作用。本研究结合质性研究、语料库整理和以往量表梳理汇总的方法, 构建了中国文化下谦虚特质的结构, 并开发了中国文化下的谦虚量表, 其包括自知、敬人、辩证、低调和进取5个维度。基于谦虚的5维度结构, 研究采取潜在剖面分析的方法, 发现中国文化下谦虚的类型包括“谦虚”、“中等谦虚”、“过度谦虚”、“不谦虚”和“策略谦虚”5种。研究明晰了中国文化下谦虚概念的内涵, 为未来的谦虚研究以及识别和选拔兼具能力与谦虚特质的复合型人才提供新的测量工具, 对继承和弘扬谦虚传统美德、促进个体发展和社会和谐具有积极作用。

关键词: 谦虚, 扎根理论, 潜在剖面分析

Abstract: Humility is a quality and virtue valued by both Eastern and Western cultures, playing a positive role for individuals, organizations, and society. Moreover, some researchers suggest that humility serves as the foundation for the development of other moral virtues. In recent years, several studies have examined the conceptualization of humility within the Chinese cultural context, identifying differences from Western perspectives primarily in its value-based and instrumental attributes. Given the conceptual complexity of humility and its cultural influences, this study aimed to explore the personality structure and cultural conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture and to develop a culturally appropriate measure of humility.
Study 1 employed qualitative methods, interviewing 20 participants to obtain first-hand data on the concept of humility. Based on Study 1, Study 2 integrated analysis of humility-related linguistic materials and existing scales to propose a preliminary structural model of humility in Chinese culture and generate an initial item pool. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 394) was conducted to identify the preliminary dimensions and items of the CHS. Study 3 further conducted confirmatory factor analysis (N = 291) and reliability analysis (N₁ = 291, N₂ = 200 and an offline sample of N₃ = 112), followed by validity analysis (N = 271), to finalize the scale. To further explore the characteristics and cultural specificity of humility, Study 4 employed latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify different humility types and compared the humility structure between Chinese (N = 981) and Western (N = 273) samples.
Results from Studies 1-3 established the 19-item CHS, comprising five dimensions: Accurate Self-Perception, Other-Enhancement, Dialectical Thinking, Self-Effacement, and Self-Improvement. The validity analyses in Study 3 further showed that the CHS was moderately positively correlated with existing Western measures of humility. Furthermore, the CHS demonstrated significant correlations with dimensions of HEXACO personality, dialectical self, Zhongyong thinking, narcissism, and self-esteem. In Study 4, LPA revealed five latent profiles of humility within the Chinese context: “Humble”, “Moderately Humble”, “Overly Humble”, “Unhumble”, and “Strategically Humble”. Notably, Western participants scored significantly lower than their Chinese counterparts on Dialectical Thinking and Self-Effacement, and the “Overly Humble” profile was absent in the Western sample.
Overall, across four studies, this research systematically investigated the personality structure and conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture and developed the Chinese Humility Scale. The findings advance theoretical understanding of humility as a culturally embedded virtue and offer a new measurement tool for future research. Furthermore, the application of latent profile analysis to identify distinct humility profiles illuminates the cultural specificity of this construct and offers a new perspective for cross-cultural research.

Key words: humility, grounded theory, latent profile analysis

中图分类号:

B848

汪鑫, 吴艳红. (2026). 中国人谦虚特质的结构与内涵. 心理学报, 58(7), 1405-1427.

WANG Xin, WU Yanhong. (2026). The personality structure and cultural conceptualization of humility in Chinese culture. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(7), 1405-1427.

参考文献

[1] Aghababaei N., Błachnio A., Arji A., Chiniforoushan M., Tekke M., & Mehrabadi A. F. (2016). Honesty-humility and the HEXACO structure of religiosity and well-being.Current Psychology, 35(3), 421-426.
[2] Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do.European Review of Social Psychology, 20(1), 1-48.
[3] Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(1), i-171.
[4] Ames D. R., Rose P., & Anderson C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
[5] Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150-166.
[6] Bond M. H., Leung K., & Wan K. C. (1982). The social impact of self-effacing attributions: The Chinese case. Journal of Social Psychology, 118(2), 157-166.
[7] Cai H., Sedikides C., Gaertner L., Wang C., Carvallo M., Xu Y., O'Mara E. M., & Jackson L. E. (2011). Tactical self-enhancement in China: Is modesty at the service of self-enhancement in East Asian culture? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(1), 59-64.
[8] Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble beginnings: Current trends, state perspectives, and hallmarks of humility.Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 819-833.
[9] Chen J., Yang S., & Li G. (2024). Growth law and classification evaluation of high-level scientific and technological talents.Management of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, (1), 1-14.
[陈劲, 杨硕, 李根祎. (2024). 高层次科技人才成长规律与分类评价.创新与创业管理, (1), 1-14.]
[10] Chen S. X., Bond M. H., Chan B., Tang D., & Buchtel E. E. (2009). Behavioral manifestations of modesty.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(4), 603-626.
[11] Chen S. X., Ng J. C. K., Buchtel E. E., Guan Y., Deng H., & Bond M. H. (2017). The added value of world views over self‐views: Predicting modest behaviour in Eastern and Western cultures.British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(4), 723-749.
[12] Chen, X. (1999). Grounded theory: Its train of thought and methods. Educational Research and Experiment,(4), 58-63+73.
[陈向明. (1999). 扎根理论的思路和方法. 教育研究与实验,(4), 58-63+73.]
[13] Chen, X. (2000). Qualitative research method and social sciences research. Education Science Press, Beijing.
[陈向明. (2000). 质的研究方法与社会科学研究. 北京: 教育科学出版社.]
[14] Chen Y., Gao L., Sheng Z., Ma J., Guo X. H., Lippke S., & Gan Y. (2022). Interdependent self‐construal moderates the relationship between pro‐generation investment and future orientation: A cross‐cultural comparison.Journal of Adolescence, 94(7), 1008-1021.
[15] Cialdini, R. B., & De Nicholas, M. E. (1989). Self- presentation by association.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 626-631.
[16] Columbus S., Thielmann I., & Balliet D. (2019). Situational affordances for prosocial behaviour: On the interaction between honesty-humility and (perceived) interdependence.European Journal of Personality, 33(6), 655-673.
[17] Costa P. T., Jr., & McCrae R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
[18] Davis D. E., Hook J. N., Worthington E. L., Van Tongeren D. R., Gartner A. L., & Jennings D. J. (2010). Relational spirituality and forgiveness: Development of the spiritual humility scale (SHS).Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(2), 91-100.
[19] Davis D. E., Hook J. N., Worthington E. L., Van Tongeren D. R., Gartner A. L., Jennings D. J., & Emmons R. A. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment.Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(3), 225-234.
[20] Davis D. E., McElroy S., Choe E., Westbrook C. J., DeBlaere C., Van Tongeren D. R., … Placeres V. (2017). Development of the experiences of humility scale.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 45(1), 3-16.
[21] Davis D. E., Worthington E. L., Hook J. N., Emmons R. A., Hill P. C., Bollinger R. A., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the development and repair of social bonds: Two longitudinal studies. Self and Identity, 12(1), 58-77.
[22] Du, H., & Jonas, E. (2015). Being modest makes you feel bad: Effects of the modesty norm and mortality salience on self‐esteem in a collectivistic culture. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(1), 86-98.
[23] Dufner M., Gebauer J. E., Sedikides C., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2019). Self-enhancement and psychological adjustment: A meta-analytic review.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(1), 48-72.
[24] Elliott, J. C. (2010). Humility: Development and analysis of a scale [Unpublished doctorial dissertation]. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
[25] Fei, X. (1985). From the soil: The foundations of Chinese society. SDX Joint Publishing Company.
[费孝通. (1985). 乡土中国. 北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.]
[26] Gan Y., Zhang Y., & Zheng, L. (2019). Introduction to psychological and behavioral statistics (2nd ed). Peking University Press..
[甘怡群, 张轶文, 郑磊. (2019). 心理与行为科学统计 (第二版). 北京大学出版社.]
[27] George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Allyn & Bacon.
[28] Gregg A. P., Hart C. M., Sedikides C., & Kumashiro M. (2008). Everyday conceptions of modesty: A prototype analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 978-992.
[29] Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Long- versus short-term orientation: New perspectives.Asia Pacific Business Review, 16(4), 493-504.
[30] Hook J. N., Davis D. E., Owen J., Worthington E. L., & Utsey S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353-366.
[31] Hou Y., Peng K., & Zhu Y. (2016). Chinese thinking styles: Their concept and structure.Chinese Social Psychological Review, 11, 45-72.
[侯玉波, 彭凯平, 朱滢. (2016). 中国人整体思维方式量表的编制与确认.中国社会心理学评论, 11, 45-72.]
[32] Hou, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2002). The effect of culture on thinking style of Chinese people. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 34(1), 107-112.
[侯玉波, 朱滢. (2002). 文化对中国人思维方式的影响.心理学报, 34(1), 107-112.]
[33] Hoyle R. H., Davisson E. K., Diebels K. J., & Leary M. R. (2016). Holding specific views with humility: Conceptualization and measurement of specific intellectual humility.Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 165-172.
[34] Hu, J. (2009). Motives of Chinese self-modesty and their relationship with subjective well-being.Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition), 32(5), 48-51.
[胡金生. (2009). 中国人自谦的动机及其与主观幸福感的关系.辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版), 32(5), 48-51.]
[35] Hu, J., & Huang, X. (2009). Preliminary study on self-modesty: One significant behavioral style of Chinese.Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41(9), 842-852.
[胡金生, 黄希庭. (2009). 自谦: 中国人一种重要的行事风格初探.心理学报, 41(9), 842-852.]
[36] Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
[37] Jiao L., Yang Y., Xu Y., Gao S., & Zhang H. (2019). Good and evil in Chinese culture: Personality structure and connotation.Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(10), 1128-1142.
[焦丽颖, 杨颖, 许燕, 高树青, 张和云. (2019). 中国人的善与恶: 人格结构与内涵.心理学报, 51(10), 1128-1142.]
[38] Kim Y., Chiu C., Peng S., Cai H., & Tov W. (2010). Explaining East-West differences in the likelihood of making favorable self-evaluations: The role of evaluation apprehension and directness of expression. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(1), 62-75.
[39] Kim, Y. H., & Cohen, D. (2010). Information, perspective, and judgments about the self in face and dignity cultures.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(4), 537-550.
[40] Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale.Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209-221.
[41] Kruse E., Chancellor J., & Lyubomirsky S. (2017). State humility: Measurement, conceptual validation, and intrapersonal processes.Self and Identity, 16(4), 399-438.
[42] Kurman, J., & Sriram, N. (2002). Interrelationships among vertical and horizontal collectivism, modesty, and self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 71-86.
[43] LaBouff J. P., Rowatt W. C., Johnson M. K., Tsang J., & Willerton G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16-29.
[44] Landrum, R. E. (2011). Measuring dispositional humility: A first approximation.Psychological Reports, 108(1), 217-228.
[45] Lanza S. T., Flaherty B. P., & Collins L. M. (2003). Latent class and latent transition analysis. In J. A. Schinka & W. F. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 663-685). John Wiley & Sons.
[46] Leary M. R., Diebels K. J., Davisson E. K., Jongman-Sereno K. P., Isherwood J. C., Raimi K. T., Deffler S. A., & Hoyle R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813.
[47] Lee H. I., Leung A. K., & Kim Y. (2014). Unpacking East-West differences in the extent of self‐enhancement from the perspective of face versus dignity culture. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(7), 314-327.
[48] Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO-100.Assessment, 25(5), 543-556.
[49] Li, X. (2015). The book of Changes: The modest virtue of upholding wisdom.Confucius Studies, (1), 56-63.
[李笑野. (2015). 论《周易》崇尚智慧的谦德谦道.孔子研究, (1), 56-63.]
[50] Liang, Y., & Park, Y. (2025). A spectrum of bystander actions: Latent profile analysis of sexual harassment intervention behavior at work.Journal of Applied Psychology, 110(9), 1198-1224.
[51] Lv, Y. (2007). The virtue tradition of “modesty” and its modern fate.Morality and Civilization, (3), 18-24.
[吕耀怀. (2007). “谦”的德性传统及其当代命运.道德与文明, (3), 18-24.]
[52] McElroy S. E., Rice K. G., Davis D. E., Hook J. N., Hill P. C., Worthington E. L., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 19-30.
[53] McElroy-Heltzel S. E., Davis D. E., DeBlaere C., Worthington E. L., & Hook J. N. (2019). Embarrassment of riches in the measurement of humility: A critical review of 22 measures.The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 393-404.
[54] Morin, A. J. S., & Marsh, H. W. (2014). Disentangling shape from level effects in person-centered analyses: An illustration based on university teachers' multidimensional profiles of effectiveness.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22(1), 39-59.
[55] Nadelhoffer, T., & Wright, J. C. (2017). The twin dimensions of the virtue of humility: Low self-focus and high other-focus. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong & C. B. Miller (Eds.), Moral psychology: Virtue and character(pp. 309-342). Boston Review.
[56] Nuyen, A. T. (1998). Just modesty. American Philosophical Quarterly, 35(1), 101-109.
[57] Owens B. P., Johnson M. D., & Mitchell T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517-1538.
[58] Park N., Peterson C., & Seligman M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-619.
[59] Porter, T., & Schumann, K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view.Self and Identity, 17(2), 139-162.
[60] Qiu, Y. (2013). ‘Lv Yi Xia Ren' and Christ's humility.Studies in World Religions, (4), 105-111.
[邱业祥. (2013). “虑以下人”与基督的谦卑——从理雅各对“虑以下人”的译解谈起.世界宗教研究, (4), 105-111.]
[61] Quiros, A. E. (2006). The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the healthy humility inventory (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). Texas A & M University.
[62] Rosenberg J. M., Beymer P. N., Anderson D. J., Van Lissa C. J., & Schmidt J. A. (2018). tidyLPA: An R package to easily carry out latent profile analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software.Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 978.
[63] Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press..
[64] Satorra, A., & Bender, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research(pp. 399-419). Sage.
[65] Schwartz S. H., Cieciuch J., Vecchione M., Davidov E., Fischer R., Beierlein C., … Konty M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663-688.
[66] Sezer O., Gino F., & Norton M. I. (2018). Humblebragging: A distinct—and ineffective—self-presentation strategy.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1), 52-74.
[67] Shi, J., & Chen, Z. (2025). When humility heals: State humility weakens the relationship between objectification and aggression.The Journal of Positive Psychology, 20(2), 280-290.
[68] Shi, Y. (2016). Authenticity and tactic: A revisit to modesty [Unpublished doctorial dissertation]. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
[施媛媛. (2016). 真诚性与策略性: 对谦虚的重新审视 (博士学位论文). 中国科学院大学, 北京.]
[69] Shi Y., Gregg A. P., Sedikides C., & Cai H. (2021). Lay conceptions of modesty in China: A prototype approach.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(2), 155-177.
[70] Small, M. L. (2009). “How many cases do I need?”: On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research.Ethnography, 10(1), 5-38.
[71] Spencer-Rodgers J., Boucher H. C., Mori S. C., Wang N. L., & Peng N. K. (2008). The dialectical self-concept: Contradiction, change, and holism in East Asian cultures.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(1), 29-44.
[72] Spencer-Rodgers J., Srivastava S., Boucher H. C., English T., Paletz S. B., & Peng K. (2015). Dialectical self scale (DSS) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.
[73] Spencer-Rodgers J., Williams M. J., & Peng K. (2010). Cultural differences in expectations of change and tolerance for contradiction: A decade of empirical research.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 296-312.
[74] Stellar J. E., Gordon A., Anderson C. L., Piff P. K., McNeil G. D., & Keltner D. (2018). Awe and humility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 258-269.
[75] Tang, D., & Wen, Z. (2020). Statistical approaches for testing common method bias: Problems and suggestions.Journal of Psychological Science, 43(1), 215-223.
[汤丹丹, 温忠麟. (2020). 共同方法偏差检验: 问题与建议.心理科学, 43(1), 215-223.]
[76] Teo N. Q. X., Lim T., & Tong, E. M. W. (2023). The humble estimate: Humility predicts higher self‐assessment accuracy.British Journal of Social Psychology, 62(1), 561-582.
[77] Tu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2016). Development of Taoism personality item version scale and its rethought.Chinese Social Psychological Review, 11, 24-44.
[涂阳军, 郭永玉. (2016). 道家人格量表题项版的编制与反思.中国社会心理学评论, 11, 24-44.]
[78] van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure.Journal of Business Psychology, 26(3), 249-267.
[79] Wang X., Zheng C., & Wu Y. (2025). “Clothe yourselves with humility”: Humility can promote fairness.Personality and Individual Differences, 233, 112938.
[80] Wei, Q. (2013). Modesty of the Confucianism of pre-qin thought research [Unpublished master's thesis]. Shandong Normal University, Jinan.
[魏强. (2013). 先秦儒家谦德思想研究 (硕士学位论文). 山东师范大学, 济南.]
[81] Worthington E. L.,Jr., Goldstein, L., Hammock, B., Griffin, B. J., Garthe, R. C., Lavelock, C., … Van Tongeren, D. R. (2021). Humility: A qualitative review. In C. R. Snyder, S. J. Lopez, L. M. Edwards, & S. C. Marques (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (3rd ed., pp. 643-656). Oxford University Press.
[82] Wright J. C., Nadelhoffer T., Thomson Ross L., & Sinnott-Armstrong W. (2018). Be it ever so humble: Proposing a dual-dimension account and measurement of humility.Self and Identity, 17(1), 92-125.
[83] Wu, C., & Lin, Y. (2005). Development of a zhong-yong thinking style scale.Indigenous Psychology Research in Chinese Society, (24), 247-300.
[吴佳辉, 林以正. (2005). 中庸思维量表的编制.本土心理学研究, (24), 247-300.]
[84] Xia Y., Fu R., Li D., Wu L., Chen X., & Sun B. (2025). Development and initial validation of the contemporary Chinese familism scale.Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 31(3), 579-594.
[85] Xie, W., & Wang, F. (2014). Development of college students' modesty preliminary questionnaire.Psychological Research, 7(5), 82-87.
[谢威士, 汪凤炎. (2014). 大学生谦虚问卷的初步编制.心理研究, 7(5), 82-87.]
[86] Xiong M., Wang F., & Cai R. (2018). Development and validation of the Chinese modesty scale (CMS). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2014.
[87] Xu, J., & Zhang, H. (2005). Testing intercoder reliability by multi-approaches in qualitative research.Journal of Psychological Science, 28(6), 1430-1432.
[徐建平, 张厚粲. (2005). 质性研究中编码者信度的多种方法考察.心理科学, 28(6), 1430-1432.]
[88] Zhao, Q. (2014). Preliminary study on middle school students' self-modesty: Questionnaire and actuality [Unpublished master's thesis]. Southwest University, Chongqing.
[赵清清. (2014). 中学生自谦的量表编制及其特点分析 (硕士学位论文). 西南大学, 重庆.]
[89] Zheng, C. (2020). The cognitive neural mechanisms and cultural prototypes of trait modesty [Unpublished doctorial dissertation]. Peking University.
[郑楚华. (2020). 谦虚特质的认知神经机制及其文化原型 (博士学位论文). 北京大学.]
[90] Zheng C., Wang X., & Wu Y. (2022). Modesty brings gains: The mechanisms of individual psychology and social culture.Advances in Psychological Science, 30(5), 1131-1142.
[郑楚华, 汪鑫, 吴艳红. (2022). 满招损, 谦受益: 个体心理与社会文化作用机制.心理科学进展, 30(5), 1131-1142.]
[91] Zheng, C., & Wu, Y. (2020). The more modest you are, the happier you are: The mediating roles of emotional intelligence and self-esteem. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(5), 1603-1615.
[92] Zhou, F. (2021). Yiben and Yiti: The basis of Chinese sociological theory.Chinese Journal of Sociology, 41(4), 1-29.
[周飞舟. (2021). 一本与一体: 中国社会理论的基础.社会, 41(4), 1-29.]
[93] Zhou M., Li F., Mu W., Fan W., Zhang J., & Zhang M. (2023). Round outside and square inside: The latent profile structure and adaptability of Chinese interpersonal relatedness.Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(3), 390-405.
[周明洁, 李府桂, 穆蔚琦, 范为桥, 张建新, 张妙清. (2023). 外圆内方: 中国人人际关系性的潜在剖面结构及其适应性.心理学报, 55(3), 390-405.]
[94] Zhuang, S., & Hsu, K. (2020). Chinese vanity: Theoretical analysis and construct validation.Indigenous Psychology Research in Chinese Society, 53(6), 103-180.
[庄诏钧, 许功余. (2020). 华人虚荣: 构念分析与效度检验.本土心理学研究, 53(6), 103-180.]