童年期创伤后亲子关系对青少年社会适应的影响：HPA轴系统多基因的调节

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01091

心理学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (8): 1091-1109.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01091

童年期创伤后亲子关系对青少年社会适应的影响：HPA轴系统多基因的调节

曾子豪¹^,², 刘双金¹, 杨琴¹, 王宏才¹, 刘承珍¹, 赵纤¹, 孟莉¹^,³, 何震¹, 刘秀茹⁴, 黄宁³, 胡义秋¹^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷()

¹湖南师范大学教育科学学院, 长沙 410081
²阿姆斯特丹自由大学临床心理学系, 阿姆斯特丹 1081 BT, 荷兰
³长郡双语实验中学, 长沙 410013
⁴长郡双语雨花中学, 长沙 410023
⁵湖南省心理健康教育研究基地, 长沙 410081
⁶认知与人类行为湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410081
⁷湖南师范大学心?脑交叉科学研究中心, 长沙 410081

收稿日期:2023-10-31 发布日期:2024-06-17 出版日期:2024-08-25
通讯作者: 胡义秋, E-mail: fortune2000947@163.com
基金资助:
全国教育规划项目“重大突发事件背景下青少年心理危机预警机制及干预对策”(BBA200032)

The impact of parent-child relationship on adolescent social adjustment following childhood trauma: Moderation by HPA axis multilocus profile score

ZENG Zihao¹^,², LIU Shuangjin¹, YANG Qin¹, WANG Hongcai¹, LIU Chengzhen¹, ZHAO Qian¹, MENG Li¹^,³, HE Zhen¹, LIU Xiuru⁴, HUANG Ning³, HU Yiqiu¹^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷()

¹School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
²Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
³Changjun Bilingual School, Changsha 410000, China
⁴Changjun Bilingual Yuhua School of Changsha, Changsha 410023, China, Changsha 410081, China
⁵China Research Center for Mental Health Education of Hunan Province, Changsha 410081, China
⁶Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410081, China
⁷Center for Mind-Brain Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Received:2023-10-31 Online:2024-06-17 Published:2024-08-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

童年期的不良经历似乎增加了个体对压力刺激的敏感性, 从而可能影响其终身的社会适应。许多研究表明, HPA轴系统基因可能在调节环境因素与社会适应之间发挥作用。然而, 过去单个基因与环境相互作用对社会适应的影响存在争议。本研究针对青少年样本(14.15 ± 0.63岁; N = 700), 采用多位点遗传谱评分(multilocus genetic profile scores, MGPS)计算HPA轴系统多基因得分, 利用纵向数据探究其与童年期创伤和亲子关系之间的相互作用, 并预测青少年的社会适应(包括抑郁症状、亲社会行为和自伤行为)。研究结果显示, 青少年的社会适应(包括抑郁症状和亲社会行为)是遗传(HPA轴系统MGPS)、远端环境(童年期创伤)和近端环境(亲子关系)三者相互作用的结果。随着遗传风险评分的增加, 童年期创伤和亲子关系之间的交互作用也增加, 这意味着遭受过童年期创伤的个体, 亲子关系对社会适应的影响会更加显著, 符合差别易感性模型。行为学实验进一步揭示了遗传和环境因素对青少年社会适应的潜在机制。

关键词: 青少年社会适应, 亲子关系, 童年期创伤, 多基因, HPA轴系统

Abstract:

Adolescence has been conceptualized as a second “sensitive period,” marked by neuroendocrine developmental changes that heighten one’s sensitivity to their environment. Faced with increased stressful life events, particularly those involving interpersonal relationships, adolescents experience a continuous rise in the incidence of internalizing and externalizing issues, which negatively impacts their personality development, academic performance, and physical health. Existing research has shown consistent support that positive and healthy interpersonal relationships significantly enhance adolescents’ social adaptability and level of well-being. Conversely, negative interpersonal relationships, particularly those characterized by danger and hostility, lead adolescents to develop negative cognitive patterns and self-assessments, thereby increasing their risk of psychological crises. Additionally, certain genetic traits also influence adolescents’ social adjustment. Although risks to social adjustment are influenced by multiple factors, the potential for interactions between genetics and one’s environment remains likely, garnering much research attention in psychology, psychiatry, and epigenetics. As such, this study explored the moderating role of genetic risk in various forms of environmental stress and adolescent social adjustment (including depressive symptoms, prosocial behavior, and self-injury) through the assessment of multilocus genetic variations and the measurement of a critical environmental risk factor, specifically, the parent-child relationship.

Using questionnaires and DNA-typing techniques, 700 adolescents (14.15 ± 0.63 years old) were selected from a junior high school in Hunan Province through whole group sampling. After obtaining informed consent from the school, parents, and participants, participants completed the Parent-Child Intimacy Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Scale, the Short Form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Prosocial Tendencies Measures, and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Genetic samples were sent to a professional biotechnology company for DNA extraction and typing. In study 2: The participants recruited in Study 1 via an experimental flyer. They completed emotional Stroop task and dictator games.

The results indicated that: 1) HPA axis multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) was only associated with the mother-child relationship, and there were significant bidirectional correlations between the parent-child relationship, childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, prosocial behavior, and self-injury. 2) Utilizing the MGPS approach, in the context of the depression equation, both the father-child and mother-child relationship models revealed an interaction effect between the parent-child relationship and childhood trauma which strengthened as the HPA axis system’s MGPS increased. 3) The interaction effect of G × E × E was found to impact adolescent prosocial behavior in the mother-child relationship model only. Furthermore, this interaction became significant when the standard deviation of the MGPS exceeded -0.14. 4) No G × E × E triadic interaction was detected in the parent-child relationship model. Subsequent binary interaction tests between childhood trauma and MGPS revealed that as MGPS increased, the impact of childhood trauma on self-injury increased. 5) Results from three sensitivity analyses also demonstrate that multigene hereditary research exhibits greater efficacy and stability. 6) Supplementary evidence indicates the presence of a main effect of the parent-child relationship in accuracy and response time for emotional words. Additionally, the interaction effect of G × E × E was identified in the mother-child relationship model.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the HPA axis MGPS moderates adolescent stress sensitivity. Specifically, the HPA axis MGPS moderated the interaction between childhood trauma and the parent-child relationship, affecting adolescent social adjustment. Moreover, individuals with high genetic sensitivity exhibited a pattern consistent with the differential susceptibility model, wherein they displayed lower levels of depressive symptoms and self-injury, and higher prosocial behavior in positive environments, while the reverse held true in adverse environments.

Key words: adolescent social adjustment, parent-child relationship, childhood trauma, multilocus, HPA axis

中图分类号:

B844
B825

曾子豪, 刘双金, 杨琴, 王宏才, 刘承珍, 赵纤, 孟莉, 何震, 刘秀茹, 黄宁, 胡义秋. (2024). 童年期创伤后亲子关系对青少年社会适应的影响：HPA轴系统多基因的调节. 心理学报, 56(8), 1091-1109.

ZENG Zihao, LIU Shuangjin, YANG Qin, WANG Hongcai, LIU Chengzhen, ZHAO Qian, MENG Li, HE Zhen, LIU Xiuru, HUANG Ning, HU Yiqiu. (2024). The impact of parent-child relationship on adolescent social adjustment following childhood trauma: Moderation by HPA axis multilocus profile score. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(8), 1091-1109.

图/表 23

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SNP	与功能的关系	风险等位基因
SKA2 rs7208505	Valenzuela-García等人(2023)发现自杀受害者中rs7208505等位基因A的比例高于健康对照组。	A
NR3C1 rs6198	Rovaris等人(2013)发现C等位基因可以显著预测每天吸烟数量和尼古丁依赖测试总分。	C
NR3C1 rs41423247	根据Pagliaccio等人(2014)研究, G等位是影响HPA轴的风险等位基因。	G
NR3C2 rs17581262	有研究发现rs17581262 的G等位基因与较小的海马和杏仁核体积, 以及与遭受过儿童期受虐的个体中较高的重症抑郁风险相关(Gerritsen et al., 2017)。	G
FKBP5 rs1360780	根据Pagliaccio等人(2014)研究, T等位基因是影响HPA轴的风险等位基因。	T
FKBP5 rs9470080	相比健康对照组, 功能性癫痫发作和重度抑郁症患者的T等位基因显著增加(Asadi- Pooya et al., 2023)。	T

SNP	与功能的关系	风险等位基因
SKA2 rs7208505	Valenzuela-García等人(2023)发现自杀受害者中rs7208505等位基因A的比例高于健康对照组。	A
NR3C1 rs6198	Rovaris等人(2013)发现C等位基因可以显著预测每天吸烟数量和尼古丁依赖测试总分。	C
NR3C1 rs41423247	根据Pagliaccio等人(2014)研究, G等位是影响HPA轴的风险等位基因。	G
NR3C2 rs17581262	有研究发现rs17581262 的G等位基因与较小的海马和杏仁核体积, 以及与遭受过儿童期受虐的个体中较高的重症抑郁风险相关(Gerritsen et al., 2017)。	G
FKBP5 rs1360780	根据Pagliaccio等人(2014)研究, T等位基因是影响HPA轴的风险等位基因。	T
FKBP5 rs9470080	相比健康对照组, 功能性癫痫发作和重度抑郁症患者的T等位基因显著增加(Asadi- Pooya et al., 2023)。	T

基因	位点	等位基因	MAF	MAF (1000g- CHBS)	基因型和分布			Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
基因	位点	等位基因	MAF	MAF (1000g- CHBS)	11	12	22	χ²	p
SKS2	rs7208505	G > A	0.40	0.40	252 (36.0%)	341 (48.7%)	107 (15.3%)	0.23	0.63
NR3C1	rs6198	T > C	0.0002	0.001	698 (99.7%)	2 (0.03%)	0 (0%)	0.001	0.97
NR3C1	rs41423247	G > C	0.22	0.22	431 (61.6%)	236 (33.7%)	33 (4.7%)	0.01	0.92
NR3C2	rs17581262	A > G	0.19	0.19	464 (66.3%)	210 (30.0%)	26 (3.7%)	0.14	0.71
FKBP5	rs1360780	C > T	0.30	0.29	344 (49.1%)	287 (41.0%)	69 (9.9%)	0.64	0.42
FKBP5	rs9470080	C > T	0.35	0.34	292 (41.7%)	325 (46.4%)	83 (11.9%)	0.26	0.61

基因	位点	等位基因	MAF	MAF (1000g- CHBS)	基因型和分布			Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
基因	位点	等位基因	MAF	MAF (1000g- CHBS)	11	12	22	χ²	p
SKS2	rs7208505	G > A	0.40	0.40	252 (36.0%)	341 (48.7%)	107 (15.3%)	0.23	0.63
NR3C1	rs6198	T > C	0.0002	0.001	698 (99.7%)	2 (0.03%)	0 (0%)	0.001	0.97
NR3C1	rs41423247	G > C	0.22	0.22	431 (61.6%)	236 (33.7%)	33 (4.7%)	0.01	0.92
NR3C2	rs17581262	A > G	0.19	0.19	464 (66.3%)	210 (30.0%)	26 (3.7%)	0.14	0.71
FKBP5	rs1360780	C > T	0.30	0.29	344 (49.1%)	287 (41.0%)	69 (9.9%)	0.64	0.42
FKBP5	rs9470080	C > T	0.35	0.34	292 (41.7%)	325 (46.4%)	83 (11.9%)	0.26	0.61

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
父子关系	1
母子关系	0.72^**	1
童年期创伤	−0.26^**	−0.20^**	1
抑郁症状	−0.45^**	−0.39^**	0.27^**	1
亲社会行为	0.14^**	0.15^**	−0.15^**	−0.09^*	1
自伤行为	−0.19^**	−0.14^**	0.36^**	0.34^**	−0.17^**	1
MGPS	0.04	0.08^*	−0.03	0.03	0.01	0.01	1
M ± SD	30.51 ± 9.36	33.18 ± 8.59	0.93 ± 1.40	17.70 ± 6.01	96.42 ± 17.63	2.56 ± 6.26	4.04 ± 1.67

童年期创伤后亲子关系对青少年社会适应的影响：HPA轴系统多基因的调节

The impact of parent-child relationship on adolescent social adjustment following childhood trauma: Moderation by HPA axis multilocus profile score

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变量	抑郁症状				亲社会行为				自伤行为
变量	β	t	p	95% CI	β	t	p	95% CI	β	t	p	95% CI
父子关系	−0.40	−11.66^***	< 0.001	(−0.47, −0.34)	0.11	2.77^**	0.01	(0.03, 0.18)	−0.10	−2.82^**	0.005	(−0.18, −0.03)
童年期创伤	0.18	4.88^***	< 0.001	(0.11, 0.25)	−0.15	−3.78^***	< 0.001	(−0.23, −0.07)	0.32	8.31^***	< 0.001	(0.24, 0.40)
MGPS	0.07	1.98^*	0.048	(0.001, 0.13)	−0.01	−0.14	0.89	(−0.08, 0.07)	0.03	0.71	0.48	(−0.05, 0.10)
E1 × E2	0.03	0.85	0.39	(−0.04, 0.09)	−0.09	−2.55^*	0.01	(−0.16, −0.02)	−0.04	−1.20	0.23	(−0.11, 0.03)
E1 × G	−0.01	−0.29	0.78	(−0.07, 0.05)	0.02	0.54	0.59	(−0.05, 0.09)	0.001	0.03	0.98	(−0.07, 0.07)
E2 × G	0.05	1.50	0.13	(−0.02, 0.12)	−0.001	−0.03	0.98	(−0.08, 0.08)	0.09	2.39^*	0.02	(0.02, 0.16)
E1 × E2 × G	0.09	3.00^**	0.003	(0.03, 0.15)	−0.04	−1.29	0.20	(−0.11, 0.02)	0.01	0.19	0.85	(−0.06, 0.07)
R²	0.24				0.04				0.15
F	31.06^***				4.56^***				17.27^***

结果	抑郁症状								亲社会行为				自伤行为
预测	父子关系				母子关系				母子关系				儿童期虐待
预测	β	t	p	95% CI	β	t	p	95% CI	β	t	p	95% CI	β	t	p	95% CI
环境	−0.35	−9.76^***	< 0.001	(−0.42, −0.28)	−0.28	−7.77^***	< 0.001	(−0.35, −0.21)	0.13	2.47^***	0.01	(0.03, 0.24)	0.36	10.28^***	< 0.001	(0.29, 0.43)
MGPS	−0.04	−1.08	0.28	(−0.11, 0.03)	−0.03	−0.90	0.37	(−0.10, 0.04)	0.04	0.69	0.49	(−0.07, 0.14)	0.02	0.57	0.57	(−0.05, 0.09)
G × E	−0.01	−0.27	0.79	(−0.07, 0.06)	−0.07	−2.08^*	0.04	(−0.14, −0.004)	−0.10	−2.17^*	0.03	(−0.18, −0.01)	0.09	2.49^*	0.01	(0.02, 0.15)
R²	0.12				0.09				0.03				0.14
F	32.78^***				22.83^***				5.77^***				36.62^***

结果变量	参数	环境变量的显著区间		P_OI	PA	X²/ZX²	交叉点
结果变量	参数	下边界	上边界	P_OI	PA	X²/ZX²	交叉点
抑郁症状	母子关系 × MGPS	−4.16	0.62	0.72	0.68	ns.	−0.46
亲社会行为	母子关系× MGPS	−0.28	1.66	0.32	0.36	ns.	0.37
自伤行为	童年期创伤× MGPS	−1.44	0.68	0.62	0.59	ns.	−0.23

预测因素	总正确率			积极词			消极词			抑郁词			中性词
预测因素	F	p	η²_p	F	p	η²_p	F	p	η²_p	F	p	η²_p	F	p	η²_p
父子关系	2.16	0.14	0.018	2.63	0.11	0.022	2.38	0.13	0.020	2.04	0.16	0.017	1.45	0.23	0.012
童年期创伤	0.08	0.78	0.001	0.25	0.62	0.002	0.00	0.99	0.000	0.09	0.77	0.001	0.09	0.76	0.001
MGPS	2.41	0.12	0.020	2.88	0.09	0.024	2.99	0.08	0.025	1.82	0.18	0.015	1.82	0.18	0.015
E1 ×E2	0.22	0.64	0.002	0.23	0.64	0.002	0.07	0.79	0.001	0.12	0.73	0.001	0.55	0.46	0.005
E1 × G	0.02	0.89	0.000	0.01	0.93	0.000	0.09	0.76	0.001	0.00	0.99	0.000	0.20	0.89	0.000
E2 × G	0.31	0.58	0.003	0.24	0.63	0.002	0.09	0.77	0.001	1.00	0.32	0.008	0.15	0.70	0.001
E1 × E2 × G	0.64	0.43	0.005	0.46	0.50	0.004	0.45	0.50	0.004	0.33	0.57	0.003	1.50	0.22	0.013
母子关系	7.75^**	0.01	0.062	7.71^**	0.01	0.061	6.69^**	0.01	0.054	8.06^**	0.01	0.064	7.56^**	0.01	0.060
童年期创伤	0.01	0.93	0.000	0.02	0.88	0.000	0.12	0.73	0.001	0.01	0.91	0.001	0.001	0.98	0.000
MGPS	3.02	0.09	0.025	3.50	0.06	0.029	3.66	0.05	0.030	2.51	0.12	0.021	2.20	0.14	0.018
E1 × E2	0.87	0.35	0.007	1.04	0.01	0.009	0.47	0.49	0.004	0.69	0.41	0.006	1.28	0.26	0.011
E1 × G	0.83	0.36	0.007	0.72	0.40	0.006	0.78	0.35	0.007	0.84	0.36	0.007	0.80	0.37	0.007
E2 × G	0.21	0.64	0.002	0.16	0.69	0.001	0.04	0.85	0.000	0.76	0.38	0.006	0.12	0.73	0.001
E1 × E2 × G	0.43	0.51	0.004	0.41	0.53	0.003	0.30	0.59	0.002	0.13	0.72	0.001	1.11	0.30	0.009

变量	抑郁症状		亲社会行为		自伤行为
变量	β	p	β	p	β	p
rs7208505	−0.02	0.57	0.01	0.90	0.05	0.21
rs6198	0.03	0.51	0.03	0.35	−0.02	0.64
rs41423247	−0.04	0.30	0.09	0.02^*	−0.03	0.43
rs17581262	0.02	0.67	0.05	0.17	−0.002	0.95
rs1360780	−0.04	0.33	0.004	0.92	0.03	0.52
rs9470080	−0.05	0.16	0.05	0.23	−0.01	0.75

变量	抑郁症状		亲社会行为		自伤行为
变量	β	p	β	p	β	p
-rs7208505	0.07^**	0.002	/	/	0.05^*	0.03
-rs6198	0.05^**	0.003	/	/	0.05^*	0.01
-rs41423247	0.06^**	0.002	/	/	0.05^*	0.02
-rs17581262	0.05^**	0.005	/	/	0.04^*	0.03
-rs1360780	0.06^**	0.003	/	/	0.06^*	0.047
-rs9470080	0.06^**	0.01	/	/	0.09^**	0.002

人口学变量	χ²	p
性别	0.25	0.65
是否独生	0.04	0.88
父母婚姻状况	2.98	0.40
家庭经济条件	1.83	0.77

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