我国大中学生道德推脱水平的变迁及宏观成因

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00859

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

道德推脱是指个体脱离道德自我调节的认知倾向, 它往往是在为不道德行为的发生寻找借口。以往研究主要在个体水平上考察道德推脱的成因和后果, 很少关注它的历史变迁趋势及其宏观成因。本研究对以Bandura和Caprara等人的道德推脱量表为工具的已有研究进行两项横断历史元分析, 分别考查中学生和大学生群体道德推脱水平的变迁趋势及其与反映社会个体化水平和正义水平的宏观因素的关系。研究1发现, 在2010至2021年间, 我国中学生道德推脱水平呈现逐年下降趋势; 研究2发现, 在2008至2020年间, 我国大学生道德推脱水平也呈现逐年下降趋势。两项研究中, 社会个体化水平(市场化水平、城镇化水平和离婚率与结婚率之比)和社会正义水平(现行有效立法量)的上升趋势均能显著负向预测我国大中学生道德推脱水平的下降趋势。综上, 近10年来我国大中学生道德推脱水平呈逐年下降趋势, 这可能与社会个体化水平(强调个体对自身行为的自主责任)和社会正义水平(对行为更多的外部约束)上升有关。

关键词: 道德推脱, 个体化, 社会正义, 大中学生, 社会变迁, 横断历史元分析

Abstract:

Moral disengagement refers to the cognitive tendency for an individual to break away from moral self-regulation. People who are morally disengaged often look for an excuse for their immoral behavior. Previous studies have mainly investigated the causes and consequences of moral disengagement at the individual level, whereas little attention has been paid to its diachronic change and the associated macro causes, particularly in China. To address these research gaps, by integrating the theoretical model of social change and psychological development with the analytical framework of socio-ecological psychology, we hypothesized that the level of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students develop or change on the social time scale and that such trends are affected by the factors caused by macrosocial change during a specific period. To test these hypotheses, the present research, composed of two separate studies, examined the changing trends of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students based on the findings of existing studies by conducting two cross-temporal meta-analyses, using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura and Caprara et al. The current research also examined the relationship between the level of moral disengagement and the macro indicators that reflect the levels of individualization and social justice of the society.

In Study 1, a cross-temporal meta-analysis was performed on 79 valid articles using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura et al. Data of this study were collected from 2010 to 2021, with 60, 478 middle school students involved as participants. Focused on college students, Study 2 was conducted based on 54 valid papers, using both the moral disengagement scale compiled by Bandura et al. and the citizen moral disengagement scale developed by Caprara et al. Data of this study were gleaned from 2008 to 2020, involving 34, 224 college students.

The results showed that: (1) from 2010 to 2021, moral disengagement level of middle school students in China showed a downward trend progressively (Study 1); (2) from 2008 to 2020, moral disengagement level among Chinese college students also declined gradually (Study 2). In the two studies, moreover, the decreasing trends of moral disengagement level among Chinese middle school and college students were negatively predicted by China’s rising individualization (including the marketization level, the urbanization level, and the divorce-to-marriage ratio) and social justice (the amount of current effective legislation).

In conclusion, China has witnessed the reduction in moral disengagement among middle school and college students in the past decade. Furthermore, it was found that such declines were related to the increases in China’s individualization (emphasizing individual autonomous responsibility for their behavior) and social justice (representing more external constraints on behavior) during this period. Taken together, the current research contributes to our understanding of moral disengagement by expanding its theoretical framework from the individual level to the macro-social level based on the perspective of social change.

Key words: moral disengagement, individualization, social justice, college and middle school students, social change, cross-temporal meta-analysis

中图分类号:

B849:C91

王祥坤, 辛自强, 侯友. (2024). 我国大中学生道德推脱水平的变迁及宏观成因. 心理学报, 56(7), 859-875.

WANG Xiangkun, XIN Ziqiang, HOU You. (2024). Cross-temporal meta-analyses of changes and macro causes in moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 859-875.

图/表 6

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社会成因	3年前			1年前			当年
社会成因	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
社会的个体化水平
市场化指数	−0.40	−3.88	< 0.01	−0.37	−3.49	< 0.01	−0.38	−3.58	< 0.01
城镇化率	−0.40	−3.83	< 0.01	−0.40	−3.83	< 0.01	−0.34	−3.17	< 0.01
离−结婚比率	−0.36	−3.34	< 0.01	−0.40	−3.88	< 0.01	−0.44	−4.22	< 0.01
社会正义水平
现行有效立法量	−0.28	−2.51	< 0.05	−0.42	−4.10	< 0.01	−0.41	−3.90	< 0.01

社会成因	3年前			1年前			当年
社会成因	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
社会的个体化水平
市场化指数	−0.40	−3.88	< 0.01	−0.37	−3.49	< 0.01	−0.38	−3.58	< 0.01
城镇化率	−0.40	−3.83	< 0.01	−0.40	−3.83	< 0.01	−0.34	−3.17	< 0.01
离−结婚比率	−0.36	−3.34	< 0.01	−0.40	−3.88	< 0.01	−0.44	−4.22	< 0.01
社会正义水平
现行有效立法量	−0.28	−2.51	< 0.05	−0.42	−4.10	< 0.01	−0.41	−3.90	< 0.01

收集年代	汇总后的数据组数		基于Bandura量表的 26题版数据组数		基于Bandura量表的 32题版数据组数		基于Caprara量表的 32题版数据组数
收集年代	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量
2008	1	529	1	529	−	−	−	−
2010	2	880	−	−	−	−	2	880
2011	2	1163	1	668	1	495	−	−
2012	3	1781	1	431	2	1350	−	−
2013	2	1113	2	1113	−	−	−	−
2014	3	2261	2	1562	−	−	1	699
2015	7	3683	3	1737	2	976	2	970
2016	2	1134	−	−	−	−	2	1134
2017	9	4918	3	2248	5	2394	1	276
2018	12	8508	3	2213	4	3481	5	2814
2019	9	7303	4	3247	4	3049	1	1007
2020	2	951	−	−	2	951	−	−
合计	54	34224	20	13748	20	12696	14	7780

收集年代	汇总后的数据组数		基于Bandura量表的 26题版数据组数		基于Bandura量表的 32题版数据组数		基于Caprara量表的 32题版数据组数
收集年代	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量	数据组	样本量
2008	1	529	1	529	−	−	−	−
2010	2	880	−	−	−	−	2	880
2011	2	1163	1	668	1	495	−	−
2012	3	1781	1	431	2	1350	−	−
2013	2	1113	2	1113	−	−	−	−
2014	3	2261	2	1562	−	−	1	699
2015	7	3683	3	1737	2	976	2	970
2016	2	1134	−	−	−	−	2	1134
2017	9	4918	3	2248	5	2394	1	276
2018	12	8508	3	2213	4	3481	5	2814
2019	9	7303	4	3247	4	3049	1	1007
2020	2	951	−	−	2	951	−	−
合计	54	34224	20	13748	20	12696	14	7780

社会成因	3年前			1年前			当年
社会成因	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
社会的个体化水平
市场化指数	−0.39	−3.09	< 0.01	−0.43	−3.46	< 0.01	−0.43	−3.40	< 0.01
城镇化率	−0.46	−3.71	< 0.01	−0.46	−3.71	< 0.01	−0.46	−3.74	< 0.01
离−结婚比率	−0.45	−3.62	< 0.01	−0.45	−3.66	< 0.01	−0.47	−3.83	< 0.01
社会正义水平
现行有效立法量	−0.41	−3.22	< 0.01	−0.42	−3.35	< 0.01	−0.40	−3.13	< 0.01