自我信息的无意识整合优势: 来自阈下同异任务范式的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1609

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往研究已证明自我信息存在整合优势, 但这种自我优势能否在无意识情境下发生尚不清楚。研究结合近来发展的阈下同异任务范式与知觉匹配任务范式, 通过3个实验系统考察自我信息的无意识整合优势及其受空间整合窗口(spatial integration window, SIW)和整合水平的调控情况。实验1通过操纵SIW, 发现中性几何图形只能在1.53° SIW上发生无意识整合。实验2利用知觉匹配任务将中性图形与社会信息连接后发现, 相比于其他信息, 自我信息仅在4.02° SIW上出现无意识整合优势。相较之下, 1.53° SIW上所有条件均发生无意识整合但彼此之间无差异, 而6.51° SIW上均未发生。实验3进一步发现这种自我优势并不依赖于感知特征的相似性, 能够同时在知觉表征水平和语义表征水平上发生。上述结果支持整合窗口假说, 提示自我信息的无意识整合优势受到SIW的限制, 并且能够同时发生在信息加工的早期感知阶段和晚期概念阶段, 这为进一步探索自我优势效应的意识边界提供了新的依据与启示。

关键词: 自我优势效应, 无意识整合, 阈下同异任务, 知觉匹配任务, 空间整合窗口

Abstract:

When processing large volumes of information, only a limited subset can be consciously integrated into new representations, while other critical information must be unconsciously integrated to support survival and environmental adaptation. Previous research suggests that self-related information serves as a “binding glue,” thereby facilitating integration between stimuli with consistent advantages at the perceptual and semantic levels. However, whether or not self-related information can be integrated unconsciously remains unclear. Addressing this issue could deepen understanding of the mechanisms underlying self-related information integration. Accordingly, the current study utilized three experiments to systematically examine the unconscious integration advantage of self-related information, focusing on the integration window size and specific levels of representation at which this advantage occurred.

This study adopted the recently developed subliminal same−different task as an effective tool for assessing unconscious integration performance, in conjunction with the self-perceptual matching task (SPMT) to investigate the unconscious integration mechanisms of self-related information. The subliminal same−different task simultaneously presented two primes and two targets, with the congruency effect between the prime−target relationship used to assess unconscious integration. Experiment 1 (N = 32) examined the congruency effect of neutral geometric shapes across three spatial integration window (SIW) sizes (1.53°, 4.02°, 6.51°). Experiment 2 (N = 32) introduced social information (self, friend, none) to explore its influence on the congruency effect, while controlling for stimulus familiarity using SPMT. Experiment 3 (N = 32) further examined SIW that showed self-related congruency advantages in Experiment 2, dissociating perceptual similarity to examine the effects of social information (self, friend) and integration levels (perceptual representation level, semantic representation level) on the congruency effect.

Experiment 1 revealed that neutral shapes exhibited a congruency effect solely at the 1.53° SIW, indicating that low-level unconscious perceptual integration occurs only at this SIW. In Experiment 2, significant congruency effects were observed for all levels of social information at the 1.53° SIW, with no differences among them. At the 4.02° SIW, only self-related shapes presented a significant congruency effect, while no congruency effects were significant at the 6.51° SIW. These findings suggest that the involvement of social information modulates congruency effects over a considerably broad SIW (4.02°), while self-related information specifically exhibits unconscious integration advantages at the 4.02° SIW. Experiment 3 further demonstrated that this advantage effect did not depend on perceptual similarity but can occur at the perceptual and semantic representation levels.

In summary, the current study was the first to identify an unconscious integration advantage for self-related information. These findings support the windows of integration (WOI) hypothesis, suggesting that the unconscious integration advantage of self-related information is constrained by the SIW size and can occur at the early perceptual and late conceptual stages of information processing.

Key words: self-prioritization effect, unconscious integration, subliminal same?different task, self-perceptual matching task, spatial integration window

中图分类号:

B842

王继贤, 刘明慧. (2025). 自我信息的无意识整合优势: 来自阈下同异任务范式的证据. 心理学报, 57(9), 1609-1621.

WANG Jixian, LIU Minghui. (2025). The unconscious integration advantage of self-related information: Evidence from the subliminal same−different task paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(9), 1609-1621.

图/表 10

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SIW	一致性
SIW	一致	不一致
1.53°	504.64 ± 50.86	519.63 ± 47.84
4.02°	518.09 ± 48.99	516.29 ± 44.91
6.51°	522.43 ± 59.21	523.05 ± 53.85

SIW	一致性
SIW	一致	不一致
1.53°	504.64 ± 50.86	519.63 ± 47.84
4.02°	518.09 ± 48.99	516.29 ± 44.91
6.51°	522.43 ± 59.21	523.05 ± 53.85

	知觉匹配任务	阈下同异任务
	知觉匹配任务	同异关系	图形匹配
自我		相同
自我		不同
朋友		相同
朋友		不同
无信息		相同
无信息		不同

	知觉匹配任务	阈下同异任务
	知觉匹配任务	同异关系	图形匹配
自我		相同
自我		不同
朋友		相同
朋友		不同
无信息		相同
无信息		不同

SIW	一致性	社会信息
SIW	一致性	自我	朋友	无信息
1.53°	一致	531.16 ± 44.30	525.22 ± 46.71	519.47 ± 47.29
1.53°	不一致	545.38 ± 47.28	538.47 ± 48.33	542.59 ± 44.72
4.02°	一致	532.28 ± 44.90	536.72 ± 47.38	540.41 ± 46.07
4.02°	不一致	552.56 ± 49.83	544.81 ± 47.44	536.09 ± 47.20
6.51°	一致	538.03 ± 41.76	530.84 ± 39.85	533.38 ± 41.82
6.51°	不一致	535.72 ± 48.70	540.81 ± 36.43	528.50 ± 38.83