社会奖惩对欺骗行为的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1622

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

欺骗是指通过言语或非言语方式向他人提供错误信息或隐瞒相关信息的行为, 奖励和惩罚是影响欺骗行为的关键因素。然而, 以往研究主要关注金钱奖惩, 对于社会奖惩如何影响欺骗行为目前尚不清楚。本研究通过3项实验, 探讨了社会奖惩对欺骗行为的影响及其中介与调节机制。实验1采用信号博弈任务考察社会奖惩能否对欺骗行为产生影响。结果发现,与金钱奖惩类似, 社会奖惩能够减少欺骗行为, 且社会惩罚比社会奖励的效果更好。采用漂移扩散模型分析发现, 社会奖惩与金钱奖惩条件下漂移率v显著小于无奖惩条件, 表明社会奖惩与金钱奖惩促使个体更倾向于累积选择不欺骗的证据。实验2和3采用相同的实验任务, 进一步考察了声誉关注在社会奖惩影响欺骗行为中的中介作用, 以及社会价值取向的调节作用。结果发现,声誉关注在社会奖惩对欺骗行为的影响中起中介作用, 社会价值取向调节社会奖惩通过声誉关注影响欺骗行为的中介过程。上述结果表明, 社会奖惩能够作为抑制欺骗行为的有效手段。

关键词: 社会奖惩, 欺骗, 声誉关注, 社会价值取向, 漂移扩散模型

Abstract:

Deception is a complex behavior involving the dissemination of misleading information or the intentional omission of relevant details, conveyed both verbally and nonverbally. While extensive research has explored strategies to mitigate deception, rewards and punishments have emerged as key deterrents. Prior studies have predominantly focused on tangible incentives, such as monetary or token-based rewards and punishments. However, given that deception frequently occurs in interpersonal contexts, social rewards and punishments— eliciting positive or negative emotional responses—may also influence deceptive behavior. Despite this, their precise impact remains unclear.

To address this gap, the present study employed three experiments to examine the interplay between social rewards, social punishments, and deception, while also investigating the underlying mediating and moderating mechanisms. Experiment 1 engaged 30 participants in a signaling game (also known as the sender-receiver game) to assess whether social rewards and punishments influence deception in a manner similar to monetary incentives. Experiment 2, involving 60 participants, extended this investigation by incorporating an adapted reputation concern scale to explore reputation concern as a potential mediator. Experiment 3 examined the moderating role of social value orientation (SVO). Participants with different SVOs, identified using the SVO slider measure, were recruited to determine whether social value orientation moderates the effects of social rewards and punishments on deception.

Findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated that social rewards and punishments, akin to monetary incentives, reduce deceptive behaviors, with social punishments being more effective than social rewards. Drift-diffusion modeling (DDM) analysis revealed that under conditions of social and monetary rewards and punishments, the drift rate (ν) was significantly lower compared to the condition without incentives, indicating that both forms of incentives promote evidence accumulation favoring non-deceptive behavior. Experiment 2 established reputation concern as a mediator in the relationship between social incentives and deception. Specifically, social incentives heightened reputation concerns, leading to reduced deception, whereas monetary incentives did not have this effect. Experiment 3 identified social value orientation as a moderator: Individuals with a pro-social orientation exhibited heightened reputation concerns in response to social incentives, thereby reducing deception, while this effect was absent among pro-self individuals.

Overall, this study confirms that social rewards and punishments effectively reduce deceptive behavior. By elucidating the psychological mechanisms involved and broadening the empirical understanding of social incentives, these findings offer valuable insights into mitigating deception in interpersonal interactions. Future research could further explore the moderating effects of different social contexts or individual differences to more comprehensively understand the boundary conditions under which social rewards and punishments influence deceptive behavior.

Key words: social reward and punishment, deception, reputation concern, social value orientation, Drift-Diffusion Modeling

中图分类号:

B849: C91

袁博, 赵靖实, 漆丹, 赵彤, 胡佳琪. (2025). 社会奖惩对欺骗行为的影响. 心理学报, 57(9), 1622-1637.

YUAN Bo, ZHAO Jingshi, QI Dan, ZHAO Tong, HU Jiaqi. (2025). The influence of social reward and punishment on deception. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(9), 1622-1637.

图/表 15

图1 信号博弈任务示意图

图2 实验1任务流程图

图3 不同奖惩类型条件下的欺骗率。误差线代表标准误。

图4 被试收到社会奖惩反馈后, 下一个试次中的欺骗比率与无反馈条件下的欺骗比率。

图5 左边一列为DDM的4个参数在不同奖惩条件下的后验概率密度分布。从上往下依次为漂移率v、边界高度α、起始点偏差z以及非决策时间τ。图中橙色线代表无奖惩条件, 绿色线代表社会奖惩条件、蓝色线代表金钱奖惩条件。右边一列为相应模型参数的后验痕迹图(posterior traces plot)。彩图见电子版, 下同。

图6 不同类型的奖惩对欺骗行为的影响

图7 社会奖惩中介效应路径图

注: *** p < 0.001, 下同。

图8 金钱奖惩中介效应路径图

图9 左边一列为DDM的4个参数在不同奖惩条件下的后验概率密度分布。从上往下依次为漂移率v、边界高度α、起始点偏差z以及非决策时间τ。图中橙色线代表无奖惩条件, 绿色线代表社会奖惩条件、蓝色线代表金钱奖惩条件。右边一列为相应模型参数的后验痕迹图(posterior traces plot)。

图10 亲自我取向与亲社会取向个体在不同奖惩类型条件下的欺骗率。图中红色的实心圆点代表该条件下的均值, 每个半透明的圆点代表每个被试的欺骗率, 两侧对称的形状表示欺骗率的概率分布。

表1 社会价值取向的调节效应分析结果

结果变量	预测变量	整体拟合指标		回归系数显著性
结果变量	预测变量	R²	F	β	t
声誉关注		0.10	13.64^***
	社会奖惩			0.88	4.50^***
	社会价值取向			0.82	3.99^***
	社会奖惩×社会价值取向			0.90	2.18^*
欺骗行为		0.27	35.82^***
	声誉关注			−0.06	−7.79^***
	社会奖惩			−0.05	−1.83
	社会价值取向			−0.20	−6.48^***
	社会奖惩×社会价值取向			−0.03	−0.45

图11 左边一列为DDM的4个参数在不同奖惩条件下的后验概率密度分布。从上往下依次为漂移率v、边界高度α、起始点偏差z以及非决策时间τ。图中橙色线代表无奖惩条件, 绿色线代表社会奖惩条件、蓝色线代表金钱奖惩条件。右边一列为相应模型参数的后验痕迹图(posterior traces plot)。

附表1 实验3社会价值取向*奖惩类型混合设计方差分析结果

效应	df	F	p	η_p²
社会价值取向	1, 191	30.99	< 0.001	0.14
奖惩类型	2, 58	40.66	< 0.001	0.183
社会价值取向×奖惩类型	2, 382	5.44	0.005	0.03

附表2 实验3社会价值取向在奖惩类型上的描述性统计(M ± SD)

社会价值取向	社会奖惩	金钱奖惩	无奖惩
亲自我取向	0.60 ± 0.32	0.46 ± 0.34	0.65 ± 0.31
亲社会取向	0.32 ± 0.27	0.30 ± 0.26	0.45 ± 0.32

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