跨文化表情识别中的群内优势效应：自发性和呈现方式对气愤和厌恶表情识别的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00701

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往研究发现, 识别与自身文化背景相同的个体的面部表情比跨文化背景个体更准确, 这被称为群内优势效应。然而, 以往研究主要关注静态表演表情, 对动态表情和自发表情识别中的群内优势效应知之甚少。为了探究群内优势效应是否受表情自发性(表演和自发)和呈现方式(静态和动态)的调节, 本研究招募了中国和加拿大/荷兰被试, 分别对中国和荷兰模特表演和自发的气愤和厌恶表情(实验1), 以及静态和动态表演的气愤和厌恶表情(实验2)进行识别。研究结果显示, 在多数情况下, 表演和自发表情的识别都呈现群内优势效应, 且表演表情的群内优势效应显著高于自发表情; 静态和动态表演表情的识别也出现群内优势效应, 但两者总体上没有显著差异。这些结果表明, 表情识别的群内优势效应会受到表情自发性的调节, 但可能不受表情呈现方式的影响。本研究结果对于拓展群内优势效应研究和深化跨文化表情识别理解具有重要意义。

关键词: 表情识别, 群内优势效应, 表演与自发表情, 静态与动态表情, 文化差异

Abstract:

With the acceleration of globalization, effective cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important in modern society. One significant aspect of this communication involves accurately interpreting facial expressions of emotion. Previous research has found that nonverbal emotional communication is compromised when communication occurs between individuals from different cultural backgrounds compared to within cultural groups. Specifically, individuals are more accurate at recognizing facial expressions of individuals from their own cultural background than those from a different cultural background, a phenomenon known as ingroup advantage effect. However, most previous studies examining the ingroup advantage in facial expression recognition have focused primarily on posed and static facial expressions, paying less attention to spontaneous and dynamic facial expressions. Given that facial expressions in real-life interactions are often spontaneous and dynamic, it is imperative to investigate whether the ingroup advantage is influenced by the spontaneity (posed and spontaneous) and presentation mode (static and dynamic) of facial expressions.

To address these research objectives, we conducted two experiments involving participants from China, Canada, and the Netherlands. In Experiment 1, Chinese and Canadian participants were asked to recognize posed and spontaneous facial expressions of anger and disgust displayed by Chinese and Dutch models. In Experiment 2, Chinese and Dutch participants were recruited to recognize static and dynamic facial expressions of anger and disgust displayed by Chinese and Dutch models. Specifically, Experiment 1 included 126 Chinese participants and 126 Canadian participants, while Experiment 2 involved 82 Chinese participants and 75 Dutch participants. In both experiments, participants were asked to rate the intensity of facial expressions on scales of anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and joy ranging from 0 (not at all) to 100 (extremely).

The results indicated that the ingroup advantage was influenced by the spontaneity of the facial expressions. In three out of four cases (Eastern perceivers recognizing facial expressions of anger and disgust, and Western perceivers recognizing facial expressions of disgust), posed expressions exhibited a stronger ingroup advantage compared to spontaneous expressions. The exception was Western perceivers demonstrating a greater ingroup advantage when recognizing spontaneous facial expressions of anger. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the ingroup advantage was not influenced by the presentation mode of the facial expressions. In three out of four cases (Eastern perceivers recognizing facial expressions of anger and disgust, and Western perceivers recognizing facial expressions of disgust), there was no significant difference in the ingroup advantage between static and dynamic expressions. The only exception was Western perceivers' recognition of static expressions of anger, where the ingroup advantage was greater than that for dynamic expressions of anger.

In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that the ingroup advantage was more pronounced in posed expression recognition compared to spontaneous expression recognition, while the presentation mode of the expressions did not influence the ingroup advantage. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge in the field of cross-cultural emotion recognition by revealing differences in the ingroup advantage between posed and spontaneous expressions. Consequently, these results provide new empirical contributions that enhance our understanding of how individuals recognize expressions displayed by individuals from different cultural backgrounds.

Key words: facial expression recognition, ingroup advantage, posed and spontaneous facial expressions, static and dynamic facial expressions, culture difference

中图分类号:

B842

方霞, 葛猷勋. (2024). 跨文化表情识别中的群内优势效应：自发性和呈现方式对气愤和厌恶表情识别的影响. 心理学报, 56(6), 701-713.

FANG Xia, GE Youxun. (2024). The impact of spontaneity and presentation mode on the ingroup advantage in recognizing angry and disgusted facial expressions. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(6), 701-713.

图/表 13

参考文献 66

[1]	Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J. W., & Cohn, J. F. (2005). Deciphering the enigmatic face: The importance of facial dynamics in interpreting subtle facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16(5), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x URL pmid: 15869701
[2]	Bain, A. (2006). The emotions and the will. New York, NY: Cosmo Classics. (Original work published 1859)
[3]	Blais, C., Fiset, D., Roy, C., Saumure Régimbald, C., & Gosselin, F. (2017). Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial expressions. Emotion, 17(7), 1107-1119. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000283 doi: 10.1037/emo0000283 URL pmid: 28368152
[4]	Bould, E., & Morris, N. (2008). Role of motion signals in recognizing subtle facial expressions of emotion. British Journal of Psychology, 99(2), 167-189. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X206702
[5]	Cordaro, D. T., Sun, R., Keltner, D., Kamble, S., Huddar, N., & McNeil, G. (2018). Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures. Emotion, 18(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000302 doi: 10.1037/emo0000302 URL pmid: 28604039
[6]	Cunningham, D. W., & Wallraven, C. (2009). Dynamic information for the recognition of conversational expressions. Journal of Vision, 9(13), 7-7. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.13.7
[7]	Dawel, A., Miller, E. J., Horsburgh, A., & Ford, P. (2022). A systematic survey of face stimuli used in psychological research 2000-2020. Behavior Research Methods, 54(4), 1889-1901. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01705-3
[8]	Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 19, 207-283.
[9]	Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
[10]	Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002). The facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. San Francisco, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
[11]	Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86-88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.86 doi: 10.1126/science.164.3875.86 URL pmid: 5773719
[12]	Elfenbein, H. A. (2013). Nonverbal dialects and accents in facial expressions of emotion. Emotion Review, 5(1), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451332
[13]	Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 203-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203 URL pmid: 11931516
[14]	Elfenbein, H. A., Beaupré, M., Lévesque, M., & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7(1), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131 doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131 URL pmid: 17352569
[15]	Fang, X., Rychlowska, M., & Lange, J. (2022). Cross-cultural and inter-group research on emotion perception. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-022-00102-2
[16]	Fang, X., Sauter, D. A., Heerdink, M. W., & van Kleef, G. A. (2022). Culture shapes the distinctiveness of posed and spontaneous facial expressions of anger and disgust. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(5), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221095208
[17]	Fang, X., Sauter, D. A., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2018). Seeing mixed emotions: The specificity of emotion perception from static and dynamic facial expressions across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117736270 doi: 10.1177/0022022117736270 URL pmid: 29386689
[18]	Fang, X., van Kleef, G. A., Kawakami, K., & Sauter, D. A. (2021). Cultural differences in perceiving transitions in emotional facial expressions: Easterners show greater contrast effects than Westerners. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 95, 104143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104143
[19]	Fang, X., van Kleef, G. A., & Sauter, D. A. (2019). Revisiting cultural differences in emotion perception between easterners and westerners: Chinese perceivers are accurate, but see additional non-intended emotions in negative facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.003 doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.003 URL
[20]	Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods*, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 doi: 10.3758/bf03193146 URL pmid: 17695343
[21]	Fiorentini, C., & Viviani, P. (2011). Is there a dynamic advantage for facial expressions? Journal of Vision, 11(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.1167/11.3.17
[22]	Giner-Sorolla, R., Kupfer, T., & Sabo, J. (2018). Chapter Five - What makes moral disgust special? An integrative functional review. In J. M. Olson (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 57, pp. 223-289). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.10.001
[23]	Gold, J. M., Barker, J. D., Barr, S., Bittner, J. L., Bromfield, W. D., Chu, N., Goode, R. A., Lee, D., Simmons, M., & Srinath, A. (2013). The efficiency of dynamic and static facial expression recognition. Journal of Vision, 13(5), 23-23. https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.23
[24]	Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition and Emotion, 9(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408966
[25]	Hess, U., Kafetsios, K., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., & Kessler, C.-L. (2016). Signal and noise in the perception of facial emotion expressions: From labs to life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(8), 1092-1110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216651851 doi: 10.1177/0146167216651851 URL pmid: 27277281
[26]	Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., Bachmayr, F., & Kessler, H. (2010). Perceived realism of dynamic facial expressions of emotion: Optimal durations for the presentation of emotional onsets and offsets. Cognition and Emotion, 24(8), 1369-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903417855
[27]	Izard, C. E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 260-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x URL pmid: 26151969
[28]	Jack, R. E., Blais, C., Scheepers, C., Schyns, P. G., & Caldara, R. (2009). Cultural confusions show that facial expressions are not universal. Current Biology, 19(18), 1543-1548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051 URL pmid: 19682907
[29]	Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G. B., & Schyns, P. G. (2014). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion transmit an evolving hierarchy of signals over time. Current Biology, 24(2), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.064 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.064 URL pmid: 24388852
[30]	Jiang, Z., Li, W., Recio, G., Liu, Y., Luo, W., Zhang, D., & Sun, D. (2014). Time pressure inhibits dynamic advantage in the classification of facial expressions of emotion. PLOS ONE, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100162
[31]	Kang, S.-M., & Lau, A. S. (2013). Revisiting the out-group advantage in emotion recognition in a multicultural society: Further evidence for the in-group advantage. Emotion, 13(2), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030013
[32]	Kätsyri, J., Saalasti, S., Tiippana, K., von Wendt, L., & Sams, M. (2008). Impaired recognition of facial emotions from low-spatial frequencies in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46(7), 1888-1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.005 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.005 URL pmid: 18314147
[33]	Kayyal, M. H., & Russell, J. A. (2013). Americans and Palestinians judge spontaneous facial expressions of emotion. Emotion, 13(5), 891-904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033244 doi: 10.1037/a0033244 URL pmid: 23795587
[34]	Krumhuber, E. G., Küster, D., Namba, S., & Skora, L. (2021). Human and machine validation of 14 databases of dynamic facial expressions. Behavior Research Methods, 53(2), 686-701. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01443-y
[35]	Krumhuber, E. G., Skora, L. I., Hill, H. C. H., & Lander, K. (2023). The role of facial movements in emotion recognition. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(5), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00172-1
[36]	Krumhuber, E. G., Skora, L., Küster, D., & Fou, L. (2017). A review of dynamic datasets for facial expression research. Emotion Review, 9(3), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916670022
[37]	Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion and neutral faces (JACFEE and JACNeuF) [Slides]: San Francisco, CA: Intercultural and Emotion Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University.
[38]	Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (2004). The relationship among expressions, labels, and descriptions of contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(4), 529-540. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.529 URL pmid: 15491276
[39]	Matsumoto, D., Olide, A., Schug, J., Willingham, B., & Callan, M. (2009). Cross-cultural judgments of spontaneous facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(4), 213-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-009-0071-4
[40]	Matsumoto, D., Olide, A., & Willingham, B. (2009). Is there an ingroup advantage in recognizing spontaneously expressed emotions? Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(3), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-009-0068-z
[41]	Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014037 doi: 10.1037/a0014037 URL pmid: 19210060
[42]	Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107311854
[43]	Namba, S., Kagamihara, T., Miyatani, M., & Nakao, T. (2017). Spontaneous facial expressions reveal new action units for the sad experiences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41(3), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-017-0251-6
[44]	Namba, S., Makihara, S., Kabir, R. S., Miyatani, M., & Nakao, T. (2017). Spontaneous facial expressions are different from posed facial expressions: Morphological properties and dynamic sequences. Current Psychology, 36(3), 593-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9448-9
[45]	Niedenthal, P. M., Rychlowska, M., Wood, A., & Zhao, F. (2018). Heterogeneity of long-history migration predicts smiling, laughter and positive emotion across the globe and within the United States. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0197651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197651
[46]	Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408362
[47]	Ortony, A. (2022). Are all “basic emotions” emotions? A problem for the (basic) emotions construct. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620985415
[48]	Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., & Lindeløv, J. K. (2019). PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y doi: 10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y URL pmid: 30734206
[49]	Pochedly, J. T., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012). What emotion does the “facial expression of disgust” express? Emotion, 12(6), 1315-1319. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027998 doi: 10.1037/a0027998 URL pmid: 22506499
[50]	Rinn, W. E. (1991). Neuropsychology of facial expression. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rimé (Eds.), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 3-30). Cambridge University Press.
[51]	Rychlowska, M., Miyamoto, Y., Matsumoto, D., Hess, U., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Kamble, S., Muluk, H., Masuda, T., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2015). Heterogeneity of long-history migration explains cultural differences in reports of emotional expressivity and the functions of smiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(19), E2429-E2436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413661112
[52]	Sato, W., Fujimura, T., & Suzuki, N. (2008). Enhanced facial EMG activity in response to dynamic facial expressions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70(1), 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.001 URL pmid: 18598725
[53]	Scherer, K. R., Clark-Polner, E., & Mortillaro, M. (2011). In the eye of the beholder? Universality and cultural specificity in the expression and perception of emotion. International Journal of Psychology, 46(6), 401-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.626049 doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.626049 URL pmid: 22126090
[54]	Siedlecka, E., & Denson, T. F. (2019). Experimental methods for inducing basic emotions: A qualitative review. Emotion Review, 11(1), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917749016 doi: 10.1177/1754073917749016 URL
[55]	Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2013, January). Life after p-hacking. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA, 17-19. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205186 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2205186
[56]	Tcherkassof, A., Bollon, T., Dubois, M., Pansu, P., & Adam, J.-M. (2007). Facial expressions of emotions: A methodological contribution to the study of spontaneous and dynamic emotional faces. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1325-1345. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.427
[57]	Tsai, J. L., & Chentsova-Dutton, U. (2003). Variation among European Americans in emotional facial expression. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 650-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103256846
[58]	Valente, D., Theurel, A., & Gentaz, E. (2018). The role of visual experience in the production of emotional facial expressions by blind people: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(2), 483-497. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1338-0
[59]	Van Kleef, G. A., & Côté, S. (2022). The social effects of emotions. Annual Review of Psychology, 73(1), 629-658. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-010855
[60]	Wehrle, T., Kaiser, S., Schmidt, S., & Scherer, K. R. (2000). Studying the dynamics of emotional expression using synthesized facial muscle movements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.105 URL pmid: 10653509
[61]	Widen, S. C., Christy, A. M., Hewett, K., & Russell, J. A. (2011). Do proposed facial expressions of contempt, shame, embarrassment, and compassion communicate the predicted emotion? Cognition and Emotion, 25(5), 898-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.508270
[62]	Wood, A., Rychlowska, M., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2016). Heterogeneity of long-history migration predicts emotion recognition accuracy. Emotion, 16(4), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000137 doi: 10.1037/emo0000137 URL pmid: 27045686
[63]	Yitzhak, N., Gilaie-Dotan, S., & Aviezer, H. (2018). The contribution of facial dynamics to subtle expression recognition in typical viewers and developmental visual agnosia. Neuropsychologia, 117, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.035 doi: S0028-3932(18)30185-4 URL pmid: 29723598
[64]	Zhang, Q., Yin, T. Z., & Ran, G. M. (2015). Psychological and neural mechanisms for the superiority effect of dynamic facial expressions. Advances in Psychological Science, 23(9), 1514-1522. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01514
	[张琪, 尹天子, 冉光明. (2015). 动态面孔表情优势效应的心理机制及神经基础. 心理科学进展, 23(9), 1514-1522.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01514
[65]	Zhang, Q. Y., Chen, J. W., Yu, Q. L., & Xin, P. (2011). An in-group advantage in recognizing emotion. Advances in Psychological Science, 19(2), 209-216.
	[张秋颖, 陈建文, 于全磊, 辛鹏. (2011). 情绪识别中的群内优势效应. 心理科学进展, 19(2), 209-216.]
[66]	Zhang, X., Yin, L., Cohn, J. F., Canavan, S., Reale, M., Horowitz, A., Liu, P., & Girard, J. M. (2014). BP4D- Spontaneous: A high-resolution spontaneous 3D dynamic facial expression database. Image and Vision Computing, 32(10), 692-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2014.06.002

感知者文化	表情自发性	表情种类	群内优势效应	df	t	p	Cohen's d	95% CI
东方	表演表情	气愤	0.09 (0.11)	61	6.50	< 0.001	0.83	[0.53, 1.11]
	表演表情	厌恶	0.06 (0.10)	61	4.38	< 0.001	0.56	[0.29, 0.82]
	自发表情	气愤	−0.05 (0.11)	63	−3.48	< 0.001	−0.44	[−0.69, −0.18]
	自发表情	厌恶	0.02 (0.10)	63	1.47	0.147	0.18	[−0.06, 0.43]
西方	表演表情	气愤	0.03 (0.10)	61	2.55	0.013	0.32	[0.07, 0.58]
	表演表情	厌恶	0.14 (0.11)	61	9.86	< 0.001	1.25	[0.92, 1.58]
	自发表情	气愤	0.10 (0.10)	63	7.84	< 0.001	0.98	[0.68, 1.28]
	自发表情	厌恶	0.04 (0.09)	63	3.43	0.001	0.43	[0.17, 0.68]

感知者文化	表情自发性	表情种类	群内优势效应	df	t	p	Cohen's d	95% CI
东方	表演表情	气愤	0.09 (0.11)	61	6.50	< 0.001	0.83	[0.53, 1.11]
	表演表情	厌恶	0.06 (0.10)	61	4.38	< 0.001	0.56	[0.29, 0.82]
	自发表情	气愤	−0.05 (0.11)	63	−3.48	< 0.001	−0.44	[−0.69, −0.18]
	自发表情	厌恶	0.02 (0.10)	63	1.47	0.147	0.18	[−0.06, 0.43]
西方	表演表情	气愤	0.03 (0.10)	61	2.55	0.013	0.32	[0.07, 0.58]
	表演表情	厌恶	0.14 (0.11)	61	9.86	< 0.001	1.25	[0.92, 1.58]
	自发表情	气愤	0.10 (0.10)	63	7.84	< 0.001	0.98	[0.68, 1.28]
	自发表情	厌恶	0.04 (0.09)	63	3.43	0.001	0.43	[0.17, 0.68]

效应	df	F	p	η_p²
表情种类	1, 248	6.54	0.011	0.03
表情自发性	1, 248	31.34	< 0.001	0.11
感知者文化	1, 248	27.19	< 0.001	0.10
表情种类 × 表情自发性	1, 248	4.02	0.046	0.02
表情种类 × 感知者文化	1, 248	0.21	0.648	< 0.01
表情自发性 × 感知者文化	1, 248	13.09	< 0.001	0.05
表情种类 × 表情自发性 × 感知者文化	1, 248	57.08	< 0.001	0.19

效应	df	F	p	η_p²
表情种类	1, 248	6.54	0.011	0.03
表情自发性	1, 248	31.34	< 0.001	0.11
感知者文化	1, 248	27.19	< 0.001	0.10
表情种类 × 表情自发性	1, 248	4.02	0.046	0.02
表情种类 × 感知者文化	1, 248	0.21	0.648	< 0.01
表情自发性 × 感知者文化	1, 248	13.09	< 0.001	0.05
表情种类 × 表情自发性 × 感知者文化	1, 248	57.08	< 0.001	0.19

感知者文化	表情呈现方式	表情种类	群内优势效应	df	t	p	Cohen's d	95% CI
东方	静态	气愤	0.06 (0.11)	81	4.96	< 0.001	0.55	[0.31, 0.78]
	静态	厌恶	0.06 (0.12)	81	4.88	< 0.001	0.54	[0.31, 0.77]
	动态	气愤	0.09 (0.11)	61	6.50	< 0.001	0.83	[0.53, 1.11]
	动态	厌恶	0.06 (0.10)	61	4.38	< 0.001	0.56	[0.29, 0.82]
西方	静态	气愤	0.10 (0.12)	74	7.20	< 0.001	0.83	[0.57, 1.09]
	静态	厌恶	0.16 (0.13)	74	10.55	< 0.001	1.22	[0.92, 1.52]
	动态	气愤	0.03 (0.10)	61	2.55	0.013	0.32	[0.07, 0.58]
	动态	厌恶	0.14 (0.11)	61	9.86	< 0.001	1.25	[0.92, 1.58]