符号与非符号空间−数字反应编码联合效应的发展：言语能力、视空间能力和工作记忆的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00714

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示符号和非符号空间−数字反应编码联合效应(spatial-numerical association of response codes, SNARC效应)各自的发展规律及二者关系, 实验1以36名6~7岁儿童、59名7~8岁儿童、69名8~9岁儿童和31名成人为被试, 测查符号和非符号奇偶判断任务, 发现符号SNARC效应在8~9岁儿童中才出现, 但非符号SNARC效应在6~7岁儿童中就已出现, 且跨年龄组(儿童和成人)的数据和针对儿童的追踪数据分析显示两种SNARC效应在一定年龄范围内可能并不会随着年龄的增长而发生变化。此外, 对于同时出现符号与非符号SNARC效应的8~9岁儿童和成人来说, 符号和非符号SNARC效应相关不显著。为进一步探讨两种SNARC效应是否有相似的认知机制, 实验2对137名8~9岁儿童进行为期半年的追踪, 测查其言语能力(语音意识、语音记忆和快速命名)、视空间能力(视知觉和心理旋转)、工作记忆(言语工作记忆和视空间工作记忆)及符号和非符号SNARC效应, 结果显示: 言语能力和言语工作记忆对符号SNARC效应预测作用显著, 视空间能力和视空间工作记忆对非符号SNARC效应预测显著。这表明两种SNARC效应具有不同的认知基础。研究结果支持了符号与非符号SNARC效应的分离假说, 并拓展了双编码理论。

关键词: 符号SNARC效应, 非符号SNARC效应, 认知机制, 发展特点

Abstract:

The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect is a phenomenon in which the leftward response is faster than the rightward response for smaller numbers, whereas for larger numbers, the rightward response is faster than the leftward response. Although the existence of the SNARC effect has been examined in many studies, most of these studies focused on the symbolic SNARC effect and neglected to explore the non-symbolic SNARC effect. Little is known about how symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects develop and whether there are differences in the cognitive mechanisms involved in these two effects. The present study aimed to simultaneously investigate the developmental characteristics and cognitive mechanisms of symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects to contribute to the understanding of number processing.

In Experiment 1, a large-sample cross-sectional method was used with four age groups to explore the developmental characteristics of symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects. Thirty-six 6- to 7-year-old children, 59 7- to 8-year-old children, 69 8- to 9-year-old children and 31 adults performed the symbolic and non-symbolic parity judgement task. Experiment 2 was based on dual coding theory and the findings from Experiment 1. In this experiment, 137 children aged 8 to 9 years, the key age at which symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects are observed, were selected as participants and followed longitudinally for six months to explore whether the two SNARC effects had similar cognitive mechanisms. Phonological ability, visuospatial ability, visual working memory and phonological working memory were measured at T1. At T2 (after 6 months), the participants' symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects were measured. The symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects at T1 were controlled.

The findings of this study were as follows. (1) The non-symbolic SNARC effect emerged in 6- to 7-year-old children, while the symbolic SNARC effect emerged in 8- to 9-year-old children. Thus, the non-symbolic SNARC effect emerged earlier than the symbolic SNARC effect. (2) There were no significant age differences in the symbolic or non-symbolic SNARC effects. (3) For 8- to 9-year-old children and adults with both symbolic SNARC effects and non-symbolic SNARC effects, these two effects were not significantly correlated. (4) Phonological ability and phonological working memory at T1 significantly predicted the development of the symbolic SNARC effect at T2 but not the development of the non-symbolic SNARC effect at T2. Visuospatial ability and visual working memory at T1 significantly predicted the development of the non-symbolic SNARC effect at T2 but not the development of the symbolic SNARC effect.

In conclusion, 8 to 9 years is the critical age at which symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects emerge simultaneously, and there is no significant difference in the size of the SNARC effects according to age. Furthermore, phonological ability and phonological working memory contribute to the symbolic SNARC effect, whereas visuospatial ability and visual working memory contribute to the non-symbolic SNARC effect. These findings suggest a difference in the cognitive mechanisms of these two SNARC effects. These findings support the hypothesis of the separation of symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects and extend dual coding theory.

Key words: symbolic SNARC effect, non-symbolic SNARC effect, cognitive mechanism, developmental characteristic

中图分类号:

B842

蒋家丽, 戚玥, 雷秀雅, 卢骊霏, 于晓. (2024). 符号与非符号空间−数字反应编码联合效应的发展：言语能力、视空间能力和工作记忆的作用. 心理学报, 56(6), 714-730.

JIANG Jiali, QI Yue, LEI Xiuya, LU Lifei, YU Xiao. (2024). The development of symbolic and non-symbolic SNARC effects: The roles of phonological abilities, visuospatial abilities and working memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(6), 714-730.

图/表 15

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量级	反应手		符号奇偶判断任务				非符号奇偶判断任务
量级	反应手		6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人	6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人
非常小	右手	M	1629.90	1146.11	1062.31	613.06	1560.70	1124.46	1166.23	740.10
	右手	SD	336.59	298.49	215.52	88.47	388.00	261.27	278.37	107.14
	左手	M	1579.23	1039.76	930.81	531.05	1396.31	1049.99	1042.01	646.35
	左手	SD	348.54	240.21	212.45	66.49	271.92	198.65	201.40	43.78
	dRT	M	50.67	106.34	132.35	82.01	164.38	74.47	134.12	93.75
小	右手	M	1778.45	1142.37	1040.21	581.29	1623.44	1137.55	1175.93	717.83
	右手	SD	445.36	276.32	231.75	73.68	436.73	254.54	339.13	150.63
	左手	M	1705.85	1140.12	970.47	537.19	1557.71	1097.82	1142.37	653.57
	左手	SD	389.96	359.88	177.77	62.63	450.18	269.35	274.72	105.48
	dRT	M	72.60	2.25	66.00	44.10	65.73	39.73	43.35	64.26
大	右手	M	1839.24	1226.57	1032.03	541.04	1871.93	1529.89	1355.14	859.76
	右手	SD	543.33	335.68	280.26	76.76	703.93	423.48	397.46	167.72
	左手	M	1797.23	1207.98	1092.73	600.98	1980.72	1618.86	1544.99	935.03
	左手	SD	542.33	290.52	239.77	80.67	712.47	441.28	475.06	254.15
	dRT	M	42.01	18.59	−54.51	−59.94	−108.79	−88.97	−167.16	−75.27
非常大	右手	M	1880.88	1238.13	985.64	532.51	1926.38	1536.89	1584.18	913.06
	右手	SD	389.51	377.97	224.89	63.19	676.96	512.58	520.09	208.92
	左手	M	1770.35	1121.94	1056.61	640.67	2127.60	1800.97	1697.88	994.68
	左手	SD	383.87	272.76	239.75	107.38	708.18	564.96	421.46	235.54
	dRT	M	110.53	116.18	−68.02	−108.17	−201.23	−264.07	−120.56	−81.62

量级	反应手		符号奇偶判断任务				非符号奇偶判断任务
量级	反应手		6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人	6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人
非常小	右手	M	1629.90	1146.11	1062.31	613.06	1560.70	1124.46	1166.23	740.10
	右手	SD	336.59	298.49	215.52	88.47	388.00	261.27	278.37	107.14
	左手	M	1579.23	1039.76	930.81	531.05	1396.31	1049.99	1042.01	646.35
	左手	SD	348.54	240.21	212.45	66.49	271.92	198.65	201.40	43.78
	dRT	M	50.67	106.34	132.35	82.01	164.38	74.47	134.12	93.75
小	右手	M	1778.45	1142.37	1040.21	581.29	1623.44	1137.55	1175.93	717.83
	右手	SD	445.36	276.32	231.75	73.68	436.73	254.54	339.13	150.63
	左手	M	1705.85	1140.12	970.47	537.19	1557.71	1097.82	1142.37	653.57
	左手	SD	389.96	359.88	177.77	62.63	450.18	269.35	274.72	105.48
	dRT	M	72.60	2.25	66.00	44.10	65.73	39.73	43.35	64.26
大	右手	M	1839.24	1226.57	1032.03	541.04	1871.93	1529.89	1355.14	859.76
	右手	SD	543.33	335.68	280.26	76.76	703.93	423.48	397.46	167.72
	左手	M	1797.23	1207.98	1092.73	600.98	1980.72	1618.86	1544.99	935.03
	左手	SD	542.33	290.52	239.77	80.67	712.47	441.28	475.06	254.15
	dRT	M	42.01	18.59	−54.51	−59.94	−108.79	−88.97	−167.16	−75.27
非常大	右手	M	1880.88	1238.13	985.64	532.51	1926.38	1536.89	1584.18	913.06
	右手	SD	389.51	377.97	224.89	63.19	676.96	512.58	520.09	208.92
	左手	M	1770.35	1121.94	1056.61	640.67	2127.60	1800.97	1697.88	994.68
	左手	SD	383.87	272.76	239.75	107.38	708.18	564.96	421.46	235.54
	dRT	M	110.53	116.18	−68.02	−108.17	−201.23	−264.07	−120.56	−81.62

任务类型		年龄组
任务类型		6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人
符号奇偶判断任务	M ± SD	8.27 ± 46.66	6.40 ± 52.90	−26.60 ± 46.64	−29.90 ± 16.88
符号奇偶判断任务	t	1.06	−0.87	−4.53^***	−9.86^***
非符号奇偶判断任务	M ± SD	−53.15 ± 75.89	−53.77 ± 73.85	−46.16 ± 78.69	−29.85 ± 30.31
非符号奇偶判断任务	t	−4.20^***	−5.50^***	−4.84^***	−5.48^***

任务类型		年龄组
任务类型		6~7岁	7~8岁	8~9岁	成人
符号奇偶判断任务	M ± SD	8.27 ± 46.66	6.40 ± 52.90	−26.60 ± 46.64	−29.90 ± 16.88
符号奇偶判断任务	t	1.06	−0.87	−4.53^***	−9.86^***
非符号奇偶判断任务	M ± SD	−53.15 ± 75.89	−53.77 ± 73.85	−46.16 ± 78.69	−29.85 ± 30.31
非符号奇偶判断任务	t	−4.20^***	−5.50^***	−4.84^***	−5.48^***

任务	M ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 T2非符号Slope	−18.89 ± 72.70	−
2 T2符号Slope	−13.37 ± 44.22	−0.06	−
3 T1视空间工作记忆	3.42 ± 1.15	0.41^***	0.03	−
4 T1言语工作记忆	4.44 ± 1.70	−0.04	0.29^**	0.35^**	−
5 T1语音记忆	6.39 ± 1.47	−0.03	−0.33^**	0.16	0.18^*	−
6 T1快速自动命名	15.44 ± 4.04	0.03	0.34^**	0.32^**	−0.15	−0.22^**	−
7 T1语音意识	31.67 ± 8.25	0.10	−0.28^**	0.06	0.04	0.28^**	−0.12	−
8 T1三维心理旋转	13.42 ± 2.80	−0.37^**	−0.01	−0.08	0.11	0.03	0.13	0.08	−
9 T1视知觉	64.9 ± 33.45	−0.33^**	0.15	−0.16	0.20^*	0.10	0.17	0.14	0.30^**	−
10 T1非符号Slope	−12.64 ± 97.55	0.26^**	0.02	0.23^**	0.02	0.09	0.01	−0.13	0.24^**	−0.11	−
11 T1符号Slope	−9.39 ± 76.26	0.17	0.03	−0.02	0.17	0.06	0.19^*	−0.26^**	−0.03	−0.12	−0.06