感恩与社会幸福感的双向关系：来自长期追踪法和日记法的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01087

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

感恩是一种重要的积极情绪, 对人类的社会生活有着重要的意义。已有研究表明, 感恩与社会幸福感存在关联, 但缺乏因果性证据。为此, 本研究采用长期追踪法和日记法探讨感恩和社会幸福感的因果机制。研究1对482名被试进行间隔7个月的两拨次追踪调查, 来探讨特质感恩和社会幸福感之间的相互预测关系。交叉滞后分析发现, 前测的特质感恩能够预测后测的社会幸福感, 前测的社会幸福感也能预测后测的特质感恩。为了减小回忆偏差, 研究2对248名被试进行连续21天的日记法调查。结果发现, 前一天的状态感恩能预测后一天的社会幸福感, 前一天的社会幸福感也能预测后一天的状态感恩。本研究揭示了感恩和社会幸福感之间的因果机制, 并提出感恩和社会幸福感的螺旋上升双向影响模型, 这对培育个体感恩和提升个体社会幸福感具有一定的实践价值。

关键词: 感恩, 社会幸福感, 长期追踪法, 日记法

Abstract:

The positive psychological construct of gratitude is crucial for health and well-being. Previous studies have shown a significant positive correlation between gratitude and social well-being. However, no studies have examined this potentially reciprocal relationship from a longitudinal perspective. According to the broaden-and-build theory and gratitude amplification theory, we hypothesized that gratitude has a predictive effect on social well-being. In addition, based on the personality and social relationships model and self-determination theory, we proposed that social well-being is an antecedent to gratitude. In summary, this research combines a longitudinal study and a daily diary investigation to systematically explore the causal relation between gratitude and social well-being.

Study 1 employs a two-wave cross-lagged design to explore the long-term relationship between trait gratitude and social well-being. The sample comprised 563 undergraduate students, who all participated online. Pursuant to the study purpose, participants were asked to complete the gratitude and social well-being scales twice, separated by a seven-month interval. The cross-lagged path analysis suggested reciprocal effects between trait gratitude and social well-being. To reduce recall bias and explore the short-term association between gratitude and social well-being, Study 2 employs a daily diary method. A total of 274 young adults completed daily gratitude and social well-being measures for 21 consecutive days.

In Study 1, trait gratitude at T1 significantly positively predicted social well-being at T2, while social well-being at T1 also significantly predicted trait gratitude at T2. These effects remained significant after controlling for age and gender. Consistent with Study 1, Study 2 also revealed a reciprocal relationship: state gratitude on one day positively predicted social well-being the next day, while social well-being on one day also positively predicted state gratitude the next day. Moreover, these relationships were stable after controlling for time trend. Overall, the results of Study 1 and Study 2 support the hypotheses by showing reciprocal predictive effects between gratitude and social well-being.

In summary, we predicted that experiencing gratitude would lead to higher social well-being, which would, in turn, result in higher gratitude, activating an upward spiral. This work deepens understanding of the interaction between gratitude and social well-being, paving the way for future intervention research to help increase both.

Key words: gratitude, social well-being, longitudinal study, daily diary method

中图分类号:

B848

叶颖, 张琳婷, 赵晶晶, 孔风. (2023). 感恩与社会幸福感的双向关系：来自长期追踪法和日记法的证据. 心理学报, 55(7), 1087-1098.

YE Ying, ZHANG Linting, ZHAO Jingjing, KONG Feng. (2023). The relationship between gratitude and social well-being: Evidence from a longitudinal study and a daily diary investigation. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(7), 1087-1098.

图/表 7

参考文献 62

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变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4
1. T1 感恩	33.67	5.92	1
2. T1 社会幸福感	20.98	4.73	0.31^**	1
3. T2 感恩	32.98	6.35	0.43^**	0.26^**	1
4. T2 社会幸福感	22.67	4.50	0.29^**	0.38^**	0.55^**	1

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4
1. T1 感恩	33.67	5.92	1
2. T1 社会幸福感	20.98	4.73	0.31^**	1
3. T2 感恩	32.98	6.35	0.43^**	0.26^**	1
4. T2 社会幸福感	22.67	4.50	0.29^**	0.38^**	0.55^**	1

模型	χ²	df	p	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI	TLI	模型比较	Δχ²	p
M1	829.58	194	<.001	0.08	0.08	0.92	0.91
M2	809.14	193	<.001	0.08	0.06	0.92	0.91	M1−M2	20.44	<0.001
M3	814.57	193	<.001	0.08	0.07	0.92	0.91	M1−M3	15.01	<0.001
M4	799.97	192	<.001	0.08	0.05	0.92	0.91	M1−M4	29.61	<0.001

模型	χ²	df	p	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI	TLI	模型比较	Δχ²	p
M1	829.58	194	<.001	0.08	0.08	0.92	0.91
M2	809.14	193	<.001	0.08	0.06	0.92	0.91	M1−M2	20.44	<0.001
M3	814.57	193	<.001	0.08	0.07	0.92	0.91	M1−M3	15.01	<0.001
M4	799.97	192	<.001	0.08	0.05	0.92	0.91	M1−M4	29.61	<0.001

模型	自回归路径	β	95% CI	交叉滞后路径	β	95% CI
M1	感恩_T1→感恩_T2	0.38^***	[0.30, 0.46]
M1	社会幸福感_T1→社会幸福感_T2	0.34^***	[0.26, 0.42]
M2	感恩_T1→感恩_T2	0.46^***	[0.38, 0.54]	感恩_T1→社会幸福感_T2	0.22^***	[0.13, 0.31]
M2	社会幸福感_T1→社会幸福感_T2	0.26^***	[0.18, 0.35]
M3	感恩_T1→感恩_T2	0.31^***	[0.23, 0.40]	社会幸福感_T1→感恩_T2	0.19^***	[0.10, 0.28]
M3	社会幸福感 _T1→社会幸福感 _T2	0.41^***	[0.33, 0.50]
M4	感恩_T1→感恩_T2	0.40^***	[0.31, 0.49]	感恩_T1→社会幸福感_T2	0.19^***	[0.09, 0.28]
M4	社会幸福感_T1→社会幸福感_T2	0.34^***	[0.24, 0.43]	社会幸福感_T1→感恩_T2	0.15^**	[0.05, 0.24]