提取干扰对不同类型内隐记忆的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00572

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往研究关于提取阶段的干扰是否会影响内隐记忆存在着异义, 其中一个重要因素可能源于所采用的内隐记忆测验类型的差异。本研究采用学习-测验范式, 通过4个实验, 分别考察了提取干扰对识别式知觉内隐测验、识别式概念内隐测验、产生式知觉内隐测验和产生式概念内隐测验的影响, 以期对提取干扰和内隐记忆之间的关系有着更全面的了解。结果表明: (1)词汇判断任务(识别式知觉)和语义分类任务(识别式概念)的启动效应在提取干扰下消失了, (2)而产生式词汇判断任务(产生式知觉)和产生式语义分类任务(产生式概念)在提取干扰下仍发现了明显的启动效应, 但与无干扰条件相比, 启动效应量也有着明显的减少。由此可见, 不同类型的内隐记忆都会受到提取干扰的影响, 相比于产生式启动, 识别式启动更容易受到提取干扰的破坏。

关键词: 内隐记忆, 提取干扰, 识别式, 产生式, 知觉启动, 概念启动

Abstract:

According to traditional automation theory, an automatic process should be "purely unconscious", independent of limited attention resources, and executed at the same time as other processing tasks without interference. Implicit memory is considered to be a tool that provides unconscious and automatic cognitive processes and that is not be affected by any type of attention resource. Memory includes two important links: coding and retrieval. Coding is mainly responsible for the preliminary processing of information and the generation of memory traces. Retrieval promotes or suppresses the connection of these memory representations after coding.
Previous studies have mostly discussed the effect of interference on implicit memory from the point of view of coding and considered that implicit memory tests are immune to coding interference. However, there are doubts about whether the interference in the retrieval stage will affect the implicit memory, and more importantly, it is not known whether this difference is caused by the different types of memory tests. Because of the intersection between the types of implicit memory tests, this study involves four experiments. The effects of retrieval interference on an identification-perceptual implicit test, an identification-conceptual implicit test, a production-perception implicit test and a production-concept implicit test were investigated.
In this study, two new production tasks were designed. The learning-test paradigm was used to explore the relationship between retrieval interference and different types of implicit memory by setting up digital interference tasks at the same time in the retrieval stage of the test. The results showed that (1) under the condition of no interference, both the lexical judgement task (identification-perceptual test) and semantic classification task (identification-conceptual) display a significant priming effect, and under the condition of interference, the priming effect of the two types of tasks disappears. (2) Under the condition of no interference, both the production lexical judgement task (production-perceptual test) and the production semantic classification task (production-conceptual test) show obvious priming effects; however, under interference conditions, the two kinds of production judgements still have obvious priming effects. Because of the priming effect for both interference conditions, we performed repeated 2 (with or without interference) × 2 (processing level) analysis of variance tests for the priming amounts (reaction time and ACs) of the two production experiments to determine whether interference would influence the priming effect. The results showed that the priming amounts of the two experiments under interference conditions were significantly lower than those under noninterference conditions. Therefore, compared with those for noninterference conditions, the priming effects of the two implicit identification tests disappeared under retrieval interference. Although the priming effects of the two implicit production memory tasks significantly decreased, there was still a significant priming effect.
In conclusion, the retrieval processing of different types of implicit memory tests is affected by interference, and unconscious memory retrieval processing is not completely automated processing but is also regulated by attention resources. Identified implicit memory is more easily affected by retrieval interference than productive implicit memory. Under retrieval interference, there is a separation of the identified implicit memory and production implicit memory, and identified priming is more easily affected by retrieval interference than is productive priming.

Key words: implicit memory, retrieval interference, identification memory, production memory, perceptual priming, conceptual memory

中图分类号:

B842.3
G442

黄发杰, 孟迎芳, 严颖. (2020). 提取干扰对不同类型内隐记忆的影响. 心理学报, 52(5), 572-583.

HUANG Fajie, MENG Yingfang, YAN Ying. (2020). The effects of retrieval interference on different types of implicit memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(5), 572-583.

图/表 8

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指标	条件	知觉编码旧词	概念编码旧词	新词	知觉编码启动量	概念编码启动量
反应时(ms)	无干扰	639 ± 12	646 ± 9	681 ± 12	43 ± 8	35 ± 6
反应时(ms)	有干扰	1229 ± 74	1250 ± 71	1260 ± 68	32 ± 18	10 ± 19
正确率(%)	无干扰	0.99 ± 0.02	0.98 ± 0.03	0.95 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.04
正确率(%)	有干扰	0.96 ± 0.04	0.94 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.04
ACs	无干扰	86.92 ± 1.05	85.65 ± 1.16	77.83 ± 1.01	9.09 ± 1.25	7.82 ± 1.28
ACs	有干扰	80.30 ± 1.31	78.99 ± 1.64	77.79 ± 1.20	2.51 ± 1.51	1.20 ± 1.79

指标	条件	知觉编码旧词	概念编码旧词	新词	知觉编码启动量	概念编码启动量
反应时(ms)	无干扰	639 ± 12	646 ± 9	681 ± 12	43 ± 8	35 ± 6
反应时(ms)	有干扰	1229 ± 74	1250 ± 71	1260 ± 68	32 ± 18	10 ± 19
正确率(%)	无干扰	0.99 ± 0.02	0.98 ± 0.03	0.95 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.04
正确率(%)	有干扰	0.96 ± 0.04	0.94 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.04
ACs	无干扰	86.92 ± 1.05	85.65 ± 1.16	77.83 ± 1.01	9.09 ± 1.25	7.82 ± 1.28
ACs	有干扰	80.30 ± 1.31	78.99 ± 1.64	77.79 ± 1.20	2.51 ± 1.51	1.20 ± 1.79

指标	条件	知觉编码旧词	概念编码旧词	新词	知觉编码启动量	概念编码启动量
反应时(ms)	无干扰	718 ± 29	701 ± 28	742 ± 29	24 ± 7	40 ± 8
反应时(ms)	有干扰	1186 ± 61	1197 ± 63	1134 ± 58	-51 ± 19	-62 ± 23
正确率(%)	无干扰	0.94 ± 0.01	0.91 ± 0.01	0.89 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.02
正确率(%)	有干扰	0.92 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.02	0.90 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01
ACs	无干扰	77.35 ± 1.52	74.93 ± 1.85	72.23 ± 1.62	5.12 ± 1.31	2.70 ± 1.93
ACs	有干扰	76.97 ± 2.16	75.65 ± 1.98	74.53 ± 2.09	2.43 ± 2.03	1.12 ± 1.65

指标	条件	知觉编码旧词	概念编码旧词	新词	知觉编码启动量	概念编码启动量
反应时(ms)	无干扰	718 ± 29	701 ± 28	742 ± 29	24 ± 7	40 ± 8
反应时(ms)	有干扰	1186 ± 61	1197 ± 63	1134 ± 58	-51 ± 19	-62 ± 23
正确率(%)	无干扰	0.94 ± 0.01	0.91 ± 0.01	0.89 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.02
正确率(%)	有干扰	0.92 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.02	0.90 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01
ACs	无干扰	77.35 ± 1.52	74.93 ± 1.85	72.23 ± 1.62	5.12 ± 1.31	2.70 ± 1.93
ACs	有干扰	76.97 ± 2.16	75.65 ± 1.98	74.53 ± 2.09	2.43 ± 2.03	1.12 ± 1.65

指标	条件	知觉编码旧词	概念编码旧词	新词	知觉编码启动量	概念编码启动量
反应时(ms)	无干扰	860 ± 23	851 ± 24	958 ± 31	98 ± 13	107 ± 12
反应时(ms)	有干扰	1227 ± 65	1236 ± 64	1279 ± 65	52 ± 15	43 ± 16
正确率(%)	无干扰	0.95 ± 0.01	0.95 ± 0.01	0.89 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01
正确率(%)	有干扰	0.95 ± 0.01	0.96 ± 0.01	0.92 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01
ACs	无干扰	79.95 ± 1.57	80.01 ± 1.68	71.23 ± 1.16	8.72 ± 1.52	8.78 ± 1.28
ACs	有干扰	79.18 ± 1.34	81.94 ± 1.50	74.73 ± 1.21	4.46 ± 1.49	7.21 ± 1.63