ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 777-788.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

情境效应或自动化加工:大学生对老年人的内隐态度

任娜;佐斌;侯飞翔;汪国驹   

  1. (1华中师范大学心理学院·青少年网络心理与行为教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430079) (2河北省社会科学院, 石家庄 050051)
  • 收稿日期:2011-07-07 修回日期:1900-01-01 发布日期:2012-06-28 出版日期:2012-06-28
  • 通讯作者: 佐斌

Context Effect or Automatic Process? The Implicit Attitude of Undergraduates to Old People

REN Na;ZUO Bin;HOU Fei-Xiang;WANG Guo-Ju   

  1. (1School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China)
    (2 Hebei Academy of Social Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China)
  • Received:2011-07-07 Revised:1900-01-01 Online:2012-06-28 Published:2012-06-28
  • Contact: ZUO Bin

摘要: 使用词汇判断任务和新近发展起来的情感错误归因程序(AMP)研究范式, 探讨大学生对老年人的内隐态度是否具有情境效应。实验一的结果表明, 大学生被试并不认为老年人比年轻人具有更高的专业能力。实验二和实验三采用被试间设计, 在典型的AMP中分别添加了情境因素, 结果都表明被试在职业、家庭、美德等情境中对老年人没有给出更积极的内隐评价; 被试对中性数字启动的做出的内隐评价比对老年人启动的内隐评价的更积极。

关键词: 内隐态度, 老年人, AMP, 情境效应, 自动化加工

Abstract: Although many studies found that in general negative attitudes toward old people were widespread, in recent research there were evidences showing the negative implicit attitudes toward old people had context effect. Old people were regarded as warm but low-competent, convinced in a stereotype content model. However some researchers discovered that people are more like considering old people having connections with more professional career. So in this study we tried to find out the implicit attitude toward old people from young undergraduate students in the contexts of career, virtue, family and so on.
There were three experiments in this study. Sixty college students participated in the first experiment, and they had to decide as fast as possible whether the target after a youthful prime or a elderly prime formed a Chinese word or not. Experiment II and III applied a newly developed research method: the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and the fundamental principle of the method was projection. Its hypnosis was people would feel pleasant after they saw a positive picture, so that they were more likely to judge the ambiguous symbol to be more pleasing than average. Both experiments added context factor into the typical method of the AMP, and they were similar to the AMP used by Scherer & Lambert (2009). The second experiment used words as primes, which was different with the typical AMP in which pictures were used as primes. 126 and 57 undergraduate students participated in the experiment II and III respectively.
The aim of the first experiment was to discover whether people thought the old were more professional than the youth. The experiment assumed that old people had been more closely connected to the concept of “professional” “experienced” and so on. So the average reaction time for professional words after elderly primes would be shorter than after youthful primes. But the result didn’t show a remarkable difference in terms of the two reaction times. This result implied that participants didn’t consider old people being more competent than young ones in considering of profession. The age factor was significant in the second experiment and it indicated that the participants expressed more negative emotion to old people. The main effect and interaction effect of the context factor were both insignificant. It demonstrated the emotion elicited by elderly primes in the virtue context, common context and the profession context was very similar. The third experiment examined the implicit attitude of young participants to old people in three contexts of sport, number and family. The result indicated subjects showed more negative implicit attitudes toward elderly primes in all three contexts. And the result from horizontal comparison showed that even those targets after neutral number primes was seen as having a better implicit judgment than that after elderly primes. The last two experiments were between-subjects design in which it excluded the possibility of contrast effects when a very strong positive prime (the youthful prime) and a negative prime or a neutral prime (the elderly prime) were appeared together.
Finally, the participants in the experiment II and III expressed negative feeling toward elderly primes in all of the contexts. This result supported the idea of automatic processing stereotype. Participants did not regard old people as more competent than young people. And the result did not give a support to the conclusion that old people had more positive implicit attitude in terms of virtue. This is not identical with the SCM being based on the explicit methods.

Key words: implicit attitude, old people, AMP, context effect, automation