心理学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (12): 1548-1561.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01548
收稿日期:
2022-04-05
发布日期:
2022-09-23
出版日期:
2022-12-25
通讯作者:
陈思静,杨莎莎
E-mail:chensijing@zust.edu.cn;sanqijiuba@163.com
基金资助:
CHEN Sijing1(), YANG Shasha2(), WANG Hao1, WAN Fenghua1
Received:
2022-04-05
Online:
2022-09-23
Published:
2022-12-25
Contact:
CHEN Sijing,YANG Shasha
E-mail:chensijing@zust.edu.cn;sanqijiuba@163.com
摘要:
利他性惩罚是指个体自行承担成本来惩罚违规者的行为, 它受到社会阶层的影响。研究1利用2013年中国综合社会调查数据发现阶层显著正向预测利他性惩罚。研究2 (N = 450)基于真实生活事件的调查表明, 惩罚成本调节了阶层对惩罚的影响:在成本较高的直接惩罚中, 阶层正向预测惩罚; 而在成本较低的间接惩罚中, 这种作用不再显著。研究3 (N = 232)通过操纵阶层与成本进一步证实惩罚成本的调节作用:高阶层者比低阶层者更有可能做出利他性惩罚, 但两者的差距在高成本条件下更突出。研究4 (N = 125)综合考察了阶层影响惩罚的心理机制, 多层线性分析显示:惩罚成本较低时, 阶层通过公正世界信念来间接影响惩罚, 而成本较高时, 阶层直接正向影响了惩罚。上述结果意味着利他性惩罚受到个体社会阶层的影响, 同时也在一定程度上说明在利他性惩罚中基于成本-收益的策略性考虑并非完全缺席。
中图分类号:
陈思静, 杨莎莎, 汪昊, 万丰华. (2022). 主观社会阶层正向预测利他性惩罚. 心理学报, 54(12), 1548-1561.
CHEN Sijing, YANG Shasha, WANG Hao, WAN Fenghua. (2022). Subjective social class positively predicts altruistic punishment. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(12), 1548-1561.
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1主观社会阶层 | 4.33 | 1.67 | ||||||
2惩罚D13 | P惩罚 = 0.57 | 0.06*** | ||||||
3惩罚D23 | P惩罚 = 0.61 | 0.05*** | 0.29*** | |||||
4性别 | P女性 = 0.49 | 0.02 | -0.06*** | -0.09*** | ||||
5教育程度 | 4.91 | 3.02 | 0.21*** | 0.02* | 0.06*** | -0.13*** | ||
6年龄 | 48.57 | 16.04 | -0.07*** | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.04** | -0.46*** | |
7年收入 | 8.49 | 3.30 | 0.12*** | 0.04** | 0.06*** | -0.26*** | 0.47*** | -0.03* |
表1 研究1变量描述性统计与相关系数
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1主观社会阶层 | 4.33 | 1.67 | ||||||
2惩罚D13 | P惩罚 = 0.57 | 0.06*** | ||||||
3惩罚D23 | P惩罚 = 0.61 | 0.05*** | 0.29*** | |||||
4性别 | P女性 = 0.49 | 0.02 | -0.06*** | -0.09*** | ||||
5教育程度 | 4.91 | 3.02 | 0.21*** | 0.02* | 0.06*** | -0.13*** | ||
6年龄 | 48.57 | 16.04 | -0.07*** | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.04** | -0.46*** | |
7年收入 | 8.49 | 3.30 | 0.12*** | 0.04** | 0.06*** | -0.26*** | 0.47*** | -0.03* |
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 主观社会阶层 | 5.45 | 1.24 | ||
2 直接惩罚行为 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.19*** | |
3 间接惩罚行为 | 1.72 | 0.52 | 0.04 | 0.13** |
表2 研究2变量描述性统计与相关系数
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 主观社会阶层 | 5.45 | 1.24 | ||
2 直接惩罚行为 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.19*** | |
3 间接惩罚行为 | 1.72 | 0.52 | 0.04 | 0.13** |
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1主观社会阶层 | 5.70 | 1.14 | ||||||
2公正世界信念 | 4.73 | 0.57 | 0.29** | |||||
3惩罚-1 | 24.86 | 6.91 | 0.12 | 0.36*** | ||||
4惩罚-2 | 19.02 | 6.69 | 0.25** | 0.36*** | 0.79*** | |||
5惩罚-3 | 14.22 | 6.62 | 0.29*** | 0.31*** | 0.58*** | 0.86*** | ||
6惩罚-4 | 11.05 | 6.69 | 0.32*** | 0.23** | 0.42*** | 0.76*** | 0.92*** | |
7惩罚-5 | 8.20 | 6.44 | 0.36*** | 0.17 | 0.36*** | 0.69*** | 0.85*** | 0.93*** |
表3 研究4变量描述性统计与相关系数
变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1主观社会阶层 | 5.70 | 1.14 | ||||||
2公正世界信念 | 4.73 | 0.57 | 0.29** | |||||
3惩罚-1 | 24.86 | 6.91 | 0.12 | 0.36*** | ||||
4惩罚-2 | 19.02 | 6.69 | 0.25** | 0.36*** | 0.79*** | |||
5惩罚-3 | 14.22 | 6.62 | 0.29*** | 0.31*** | 0.58*** | 0.86*** | ||
6惩罚-4 | 11.05 | 6.69 | 0.32*** | 0.23** | 0.42*** | 0.76*** | 0.92*** | |
7惩罚-5 | 8.20 | 6.44 | 0.36*** | 0.17 | 0.36*** | 0.69*** | 0.85*** | 0.93*** |
惩罚成本 | 直接效应 | 间接效应 | 总效应 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
M - 1 SD | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.57** | 0.20 | 1.19* | 0.51 |
M | 1.25** | 0.48 | 0.38** | 0.15 | 1.63** | 0.47 |
M + 1 SD | 1.88*** | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 2.07*** | 0.52 |
表4 惩罚成本调节社会阶层对利他性惩罚的直接效应、间接效应和总效应
惩罚成本 | 直接效应 | 间接效应 | 总效应 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
M - 1 SD | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.57** | 0.20 | 1.19* | 0.51 |
M | 1.25** | 0.48 | 0.38** | 0.15 | 1.63** | 0.47 |
M + 1 SD | 1.88*** | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 2.07*** | 0.52 |
[1] |
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
pmid: 11129362 |
[2] | Aharoni, E., Kleider-Offutt, H. M., Brosnan, S. F., & Watzek, J. (2019). Justice at any cost? The impact of cost-benefit salience on criminal punishment judgments. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 37(1), 38-60. |
[3] |
Anderson, C. M., & Putterman, L. (2006). Do non-strategic sanctions obey the law of demand? The demand for punishment in the voluntary contribution mechanism. Games and Economic Behavior, 54(1), 1-24.
doi: 10.1016/j.geb.2004.08.007 URL |
[4] |
Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(3), 212-230.
pmid: 16083361 |
[5] |
Balafoutas, L., Nikiforakis, N., & Rockenbach, B. (2014). Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(45), 15924-15927.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413170111 pmid: 25349390 |
[6] |
Balliet, D., Mulder, L. B., & van Lange, P. A. (2011). Reward, punishment, and cooperation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 594-615.
doi: 10.1037/a0023489 pmid: 21574679 |
[7] |
Bègue, L., & Bastounis, M. (2003). Two spheres of belief in justice: Extensive support for the bidimensional model of belief in a just world. Journal of Personality, 71(3), 435-463.
pmid: 12762422 |
[8] |
Benenson, J. F., Pascoe, J., & Radmore, N. (2007). Children’s altruistic behavior in the dictator game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(3), 168-175.
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.10.003 URL |
[9] | Chen, S. J., Hu, H. M., & Yang, S. S. (2020). Payment vs. retaliation: Impact of cost form on third-party punishment. Journal of Psychological Science, 43(2), 416-422. |
[陈思静, 胡华敏, 杨莎莎. (2020). 支付与报复: 成本形式对第三方惩罚的影响. 心理科学, 43(2), 416-422.] | |
[10] |
Chen, S. J., & Yang, S. S. (2020). Motives of altruistic punishment. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(11), 1901-1910
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01901 URL |
[陈思静, 杨莎莎. (2020). 利他性惩罚的动机. 心理科学进展, 28(11), 1901-1910.] | |
[11] | Chen, S. P, & Bo, X. (2016). The influence of unfairness and punishment price to the demand of third-party punishment. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, (03), 372-376. |
[陈世平, 薄欣. (2016). 公平与惩罚价格对第三方惩罚需求的影响. 心理与行为研究, (03), 372-376.] | |
[12] | Chen, Y. S., & Fan, X. G. (2016). Social class self-positioning, income inequality and subjective perceptions of mobility (2003—2013). Social Sciences in China, (12), 109-126. |
[陈云松, 范晓光. (2016). 阶层自我定位, 收入不平等和主观流动感知(2003-2013). 中国社会科学, (12), 109-126.] | |
[13] |
Christie, A. M., & Barling, J. (2009). Disentangling the indirect links between socioeconomic status and health: The dynamic roles of work stressors and personal control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1466-1478.
doi: 10.1037/a0016847 pmid: 19916656 |
[14] |
Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J. J., & Turner, R. B. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27(2), 268-274.
doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.268 pmid: 18377146 |
[15] |
Côté, S., House, J., & Willer, R. (2015). High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(52), 15838-15843.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511536112 pmid: 26598668 |
[16] |
Dalbert, C. (2002). Beliefs in a just world as a buffer against anger. Social Justice Research, 15(2), 123-145.
doi: 10.1023/A:1019919822628 URL |
[17] |
Ding, Y., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, X., & van Lange, P. A. (2017). The rich are easily offended by unfairness: Wealth triggers spiteful rejection of unfair offers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 138-144.
doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.008 URL |
[18] | Ding, Y., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, X., & van Lange, P. A. (2022). Perceptions of having less in the US but having more in China are associated with stronger inequality aversion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 101, 104342. |
[19] |
Drentea, P. (2000). Age, debt, and anxiety. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 437-450.
pmid: 11198567 |
[20] |
Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 1-22.
pmid: 17402809 |
[21] |
Elo, I. T. (2009). Social class differentials in health and mortality: Patterns and explanations in comparative perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 553-572.
doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115929 URL |
[22] |
Engelmann, D., & Nikiforakis, N. (2015). In the long-run we are all dead: On the benefits of peer punishment in rich environments. Social Choice and Welfare, 45(3), 561-577.
doi: 10.1007/s00355-015-0884-5 URL |
[23] |
Falk, A., Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2005). Driving forces behind informal sanctions. Econometrica, 73(6), 2017-2030.
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00644.x URL |
[24] | Fan, L. C., Liu, L., & Liang, J. (2013). The demand for the third party punishment: An experimental examination. Economic Research Journal, (5), 98-111. |
[范良聪, 刘璐, 梁捷. (2013). 第三方的惩罚需求: 一个实验研究. 经济研究, (5), 98-111.] | |
[25] |
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415(6868), 137-140.
doi: 10.1038/415137a URL |
[26] |
Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 103-115.
pmid: 17605592 |
[27] |
Furnham, A., & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: Review and critique of the individual difference literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28(4), 365-384.
doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00880.x URL |
[28] |
Gowdy, J. M. (2004). Altruism, evolution, and welfare economics. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 53(1), 69-73.
doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(03)00105-7 URL |
[29] | Hafer, C. L., & Rubel, A. N. (2015). The why and how of defending belief in a just world. In J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 51, pp. 41-96). Burlington, WA: Academic Press. |
[30] |
Henrich, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., ... Ziker, J. (2006). Costly punishment across human societies. Science, 312(5781), 1767-1770.
pmid: 16794075 |
[31] | Hu, X. Y., Li, J., Lu, X. Z., & Guo, Y. Y. (2014). The psychological study of social class: Social cognitive perspective. Journal of Psychological Science, 37(6), 1509-1517 |
[胡小勇, 李静, 芦学璋, 郭永玉. (2014). 社会阶层的心理学研究: 社会认知视角. 心理科学, 37(6), 1509-1517.] | |
[32] |
Jordan, J. J., Hoffman, M., Bloom, P., & Rand, D. G. (2016). Third-party punishment as a costly signal of trustworthiness. Nature, 530(7591), 473-476.
doi: 10.1038/nature16981 URL |
[33] |
Jordan, J. J., McAuliffe, K., & Rand, D. (2016). The effects of endowment size and strategy method on third party punishment. Experimental Economics, 19(4), 741-763.
doi: 10.1007/s10683-015-9466-8 URL |
[34] |
Kraus, M. W., & Callaghan, B. (2016). Social class and prosocial behavior: The moderating role of public versus private contexts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(8), 769-777.
doi: 10.1177/1948550616659120 URL |
[35] |
Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1716-1723.
doi: 10.1177/0956797610387613 pmid: 20974714 |
[36] |
Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach. Psychological Science, 20(1), 99-106.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02251.x pmid: 19076316 |
[37] |
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.
doi: 10.1037/a0028756 pmid: 22775498 |
[38] |
Kraus, M. W., & Tan, J. J. (2015). Americans overestimate social class mobility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 101-111.
doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.005 URL |
[39] |
Kuang, Y., Wang, F., & Wang, Z. J. (2021). Social class and children’s prosociality: A study in the context of China’s dual urban-rural structure. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 63-70.
doi: 10.1177/1948550619887698 URL |
[40] | Law, A., & Law, J. (2006). Class and social stratification in contemporary Scotland. In G. Mooney, T. Sweeney, & A. Law. (Eds.), Social care, health and welfare in contemporary Scotland (pp. 69-98). Kynoch & Blaney. |
[41] |
Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), 355-360.
doi: 10.1037/h0021806 URL |
[42] |
Li, J., Cai, Q., Huang, L. H., Wang, N. E., & Zhang, Y. L. (2012). Neurobiological basis and cognitive mechanism of altruistic punishment. Advances in Psychological Science, 20(5), 682-689.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.00682 URL |
[李佳, 蔡强, 黄禄华, 王念而, 张玉玲. (2012). 利他惩罚的认知机制和神经生物基础. 心理科学进展, 20(5), 682-689.] | |
[43] | Li, L. L. (2012). The stratification of social structure and the marketization of interests relations: New challenges facing social management in China. Sociological Studies, 27(2), 1-19. |
[李路路. (2012). 社会结构阶层化和利益关系市场化——中国社会管理面临的新挑战. 社会学研究, 27(2), 1-19.] | |
[44] |
Lin, L. (2017). Integratin the theory of planned behavior and implementation intention to overcome procrastination. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(07), 953-965.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.00953 URL |
[林琳. (2017). 拖延行为的干预: 计划行为理论和实施意向的影响. 心理学报, 49(07), 953-965.] | |
[45] |
Manner, M., & Gowdy, J. (2010). The evolution of social and moral behavior: Evolutionary insights for public policy. Ecological Economics, 69(4), 753-761.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.04.021 URL |
[46] |
Manstead, A. S. (2018). The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(2), 267-291.
doi: 10.1111/bjso.12251 pmid: 29492984 |
[47] |
Molho, C., Tybur, J. M., Van Lange, P. A., & Balliet, D. (2020). Direct and indirect punishment of norm violations in daily life. Nature Communications, 11, 3432.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17286-2 pmid: 32647165 |
[48] | National Survey Research Center at Renmin University of China. (2015). Chinese general social survey (2013). Retrieved February 17, 2022, from http://cnsda.ruc.edu.cn |
[中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心. (2015). 中国综合社会调查(2013). 2022-02-17取自 http://cnsda.ruc.edu.cn] | |
[49] |
Nelissen, R. M. (2008). The price you pay: Cost-dependent reputation effects of altruistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(4), 242-248.
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.01.001 URL |
[50] |
Nesbit, S. M., Blankenship, K. L., & Murray, R. A. (2012). The influence of just-world beliefs on driving anger and aggressive driving intentions. Aggressive Behavior, 38(5), 389-402.
doi: 10.1002/ab.21439 pmid: 22778005 |
[51] |
Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, P. H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social Science & Medicine, 56(4), 769-784.
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00073-4 URL |
[52] | Paulsen, M. B., & John, E. P. S. (2002). Social class and college costs: Examining the financial nexus between college choice and persistence. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(2), 189-236. |
[53] |
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365-392.
pmid: 15709940 |
[54] |
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 771-784.
doi: 10.1037/a0020092 pmid: 20649364 |
[55] |
Piff, P. K., & Robinson, A. R. (2017). Social class and prosocial behavior: Current evidence, caveats, and questions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 6-10.
doi: S2352-250X(17)30044-1 pmid: 29221512 |
[56] |
Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(11), 4086-4091.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118373109 pmid: 22371585 |
[57] | Rodrigues, J., Liesner, M., Reutter, M., Mussel, P., & Hewig, J. (2020). It’s costly punishment, not altruistic: Low midfrontal theta and state anger predict punishment. Psychophysiology, 57(8), e13557. |
[58] |
Shen, Y. M., Zhou, W. J., Wei, L. H., & Zhang, Q. L. (2017). Benevolent leadership and subordinate innovative behavior: The mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of leader-member exchange differentiation. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(8), 1100-1112.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.01100 URL |
[沈伊默, 周婉茹, 魏丽华, 张庆林. (2017). 仁慈领导与员工创新行为: 内部人身份感知的中介作用和领导-部属交换关系差异化的调节作用. 心理学报, 49(8), 1100-1112.] | |
[59] |
Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12(3), 449-459.
doi: 10.1037/a0026508 pmid: 22148992 |
[60] |
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Markus, H. R. (2011). When choice does not equal freedom: A sociocultural analysis of agency in working-class American contexts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(1), 33-41.
doi: 10.1177/1948550610378757 URL |
[61] |
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, L. T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 611-634.
doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143 pmid: 24079532 |
[62] |
Strelan, P., di Fiore, C., & van Prooijen, J. W. (2017). The empowering effect of punishment on forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 472-487.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2254 URL |
[63] |
Tanjitpiyanond, P., Jetten, J., & Peters, K. (2022). How economic inequality shapes social class stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104248.
doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104248 URL |
[64] | Wang, Y. L., Guo, Y. Y., & Yang, S. L. (2017). Social class and the need for structure: A perspective from compensatory control theory. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(2), 371-373. |
[王艳丽, 郭永玉, 杨沈龙. (2017). 家庭社会阶层与其结构需求的关系: 补偿性控制理论视角. 中国临床心理学杂志, 25(2), 371-373.] | |
[65] |
Wei, Q. W., Li, M. Z., & Chen, X. C. (2018). Social class and social perception: Is warmth or competence more important? Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(2), 243-252.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00243 URL |
[韦庆旺, 李木子, 陈晓晨. (2018). 社会阶层与社会知觉: 热情和能力哪个更重要? 心理学报, 50(2), 243-252.] | |
[66] | Wolff, L. S., Subramanian, S. V., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Weber, D., & Kawachi, I. (2010). Compared to whom? Subjective social status, self-rated health, and referent group sensitivity in a diverse US sample. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 2019-2028. |
[67] |
Wu, M. S., Yan, X., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Li, J., Zhu, Z., ... & Han, B. (2011). General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture. European Journal of Personality, 25(6), 431-442.
doi: 10.1002/per.807 URL |
[68] |
Yang, S. L., Rao, T. T., Yu, F., & Guo, Y. Y. (2022). Subjective class in psychology of social class: Contributions and deficiencies. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(8), 1883-1893..
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01883 URL |
[杨沈龙, 饶婷婷, 喻丰, 郭永玉. (2022). 主观阶层研究取向的贡献与弊端. 心理科学进展, 30(8), 1883-1893.] | |
[69] |
Yang, S. S., & Chen, S. J. (2022). Normative misperception in third-party punishment: An explanation from the perspective of belief in a just world. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(3), 281-299.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00281 URL |
[杨莎莎, 陈思静. (2022). 第三方惩罚中的规范错觉: 基于公正世界信念的解释. 心理学报, 54(3), 281-299.] | |
[70] | Zhang, Y., Guo, Y. Y., & Ding, Y. (2020). The effect of economic inequality on perception of class mobility. Journal of Psychological Science, (5), 1197-1203. |
[张跃, 郭永玉, 丁毅. (2020). 经济不平等对阶层流动感知的影响及其机制. 心理科学, (5), 1197-1203.] | |
[71] | Zheng, X. L., Xie, F. W., Ding, L., & Wang, X. (2021). Social class and college students’ Internet altruistic behavior: Moderated mediating effect. Psychological Development and Education, 37(2), 182-189. |
[郑显亮, 谢方威, 丁亮, 王雪. (2021). 社会阶层与大学生网络利他行为: 一个有调节的中介模型. 心理发展与教育, 37(2), 182-189.] |
[1] | 孙庆洲, 黄靖茹, 虞晓芬, 高倾德. 授人以鱼还是授人以渔?高、低社会阶层的捐助行为差异[J]. 心理学报, 2023, 55(10): 1677-1695. |
[2] | 杨莎莎, 陈思静. 第三方惩罚中的规范错觉:基于公正世界信念的解释[J]. 心理学报, 2022, 54(3): 281-299. |
[3] | 白洁, 杨沈龙, 徐步霄, 郭永玉. 达者何以兼济天下:高阶层再分配偏向的心理机制及谦卑的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(10): 1161-1172. |
[4] | 韦庆旺, 李木子, 陈晓晨. 社会阶层与社会知觉:热情和能力哪个更重要?[J]. 心理学报, 2018, 50(2): 243-252. |
[5] | 杨林川, 马红宇, 姜海, 梁娟, 齐玲. 社会公正对权威合法性的影响: 社会阶层的调节作用[J]. 心理学报, 2017, 49(7): 980-994. |
[6] | 胡小勇;郭永玉;李静;杨沈龙. 社会公平感对不同阶层目标达成的影响及其过程[J]. 心理学报, 2016, 48(3): 271-289. |
[7] | 杨沈龙;郭永玉;胡小勇; 舒首立;李静. 低阶层者的系统合理化水平更高吗? ——基于社会认知视角的考察[J]. 心理学报, 2016, 48(11): 1467-1478. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||