ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 141-152.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.00141

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

多身份追踪中基于表情特征的分组效应

雷寰宇1;魏柳青1;吕创1;张学民1,2,3;闫晓倩1,4   

  1. (1北京师范大学心理学院, 应用实验心理北京市重点实验室, 北京 100875)
    (2北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室, IDG/McGovern脑科学研究所, 北京 100875)
    (3脑与学习协同创新中心, 北京 100875) (4约克大学心理学院, 约克 YO10 5DD)
  • 收稿日期:2014-11-05 发布日期:2016-02-25 出版日期:2016-02-25
  • 通讯作者: 张学民, E-mail: xmzhang@bnu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目“多目标视觉追踪中注意分配的认知神经机制研究” (31271083)和国家重点基础研究计划(973项目) (2011CB711000)资助。

Expression-based grouping in multiple identity tracking

LEI Huanyu1; WEI Liuqing1; LYU Chuang1; ZHANG Xuemin1,2,3; YAN Xiaoqian1,4   

  1. (1 School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)
    (2 National Key Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China)
    (3 Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China)
    (4 Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)
  • Received:2014-11-05 Online:2016-02-25 Published:2016-02-25
  • Contact: ZHANG Xuemin, E-mail: xmzhang@bnu.edu.cn

摘要:

探讨了表情因素作为身份特征对多身份追踪中分组效应的影响。采用多身份追踪范式, 8个客体为表情图片(正性、负性、中性)其中4个为目标, 对45名被试进行了有无眉毛线索对追踪表现影响的测查。实验条件分别为:目标表情与非目标表情完全不相同组(4水平, 简称分组)、目标表情与非目标表情都由两种相同数量的表情混合组成(3水平, 简称配对)与基线组(8个客体表情相同)。发现分组水平的成绩显著优于基线组, 配对水平的成绩显著低于基线组, 并表现出了负性表情的追踪优势; 另外, 有无眉毛线索对追踪表现无显著影响。这一结果说明多身份追踪中存在基于表情特征的分组效应, 负性表情的分组知觉高于正性表情。

关键词: 多身份追踪, 分组效应, 表情, 情绪面孔搜索不对称性

Abstract:

The multiple-object tracking (MOT) task, proposed by Pylyshyn and Storm (1988), requires participants to simultaneously track the positions of several visual objects as they move among identical distractors. Yantis (1992) found that participants used perceptual grouping strategy when tracking multiple moving objects, indicating that moving objects with different identities could facilitate using of grouping strategy to help tracking. In this present study, we used facial expressions of emotions as object identities to investigate grouping strategies during multiple-identity tracking (MIT). With facial expressions of emotion playing an important role in daily life, understanding whether or not the processing of emotions would affect visual objects tracking is a topic of both theoretical and practical importance, compared with studies using physical properties as object identities.
There are two experiments in the present study, where the only difference between the two experiments was that there was no eyebrows in the schematic faces used in the second experiment, in order to investigate whether eyebrows affected facial expression processing. We recruited 29 (11 males) and 16 (7 males) undergraduates from the universities in Beijing in Experiment1 and Experiment2, respectively. All the participants gave their consent form and filled in the Self-rating Depression Scale and State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory prior to the experiments. In each trial, eight objects appeared on the screen as blank squares, and four of eight occurred with red frames outside for 1.5 seconds to indicate targets. After that, all the objects turned into expression pictures and started to move randomly and independently for 5 to 6 seconds, and then turned back into blank objects after stopped. The participants’ tasks were first to select four targets and then to report the facial expression of each of the four targets they selected. There are three conditions: (1) grouping (Target Grouping, TG); (2) pairing (Target-Distractor Grouping, TDG); and (3) homogenous, in which the identity of all the objects was always the same expression (positive, negative, or neutral). TG condition included subcategories of pairing of identities. There were four conditions, each depicting one of the following: (1) positive targets, negative distractors; (2) positive targets, neutral distractors; (3) negative targets, positive distractors; and (4) negative targets, neutral distractors. While three subcategories were included in the TDG condition: (1) positive and neutral targets (and distractors), (2) positive and negative targets (and distractors), (3) negative and neutral targets (and distractors). We then did relevant analyses to answer the following three questions: 1) did grouping strategy improve tracking performance compared to homogenous condition? 2) did pairing strategy affect the overall tracking performance? 3) did eyebrows of the face images affect facial expression processing which further affect tracking performance?
We found similar results in the two experiments: (1) grouping improved tracking performance significantly, compared with homogenous condition; (2) targets with negative expression improved tracking performance significantly, compared with either positive targets or homogenous conditions, indicating an attention bias to negative expression; (3) shared identities between targets and distractors impaired tracking performance, compared with homogenous condition; (4) absence of eyebrows in facial images did not affect processing of negative expressions.
In conclusion, we examined grouping strategy in MIT using facial expression as object identities. Our results showed that targets with negative expressions improved tracking performance significantly compared with positive and neural expressions, indicating an attention bias to negative attention. People can not only effectively use location and physical properties information of objects during multiple objects tracking found in previous studies, but also more ecological facial expression information. Our study also provides a new way of investigating perception of facial expressions of emotions in dynamic scenes.

Key words: multiple identity tracking, grouping effect, expression, search asymmetry of emotional faces.