Dorsal-ventral pathway interactions in visual object representation

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2026.0710

Abstract

Abstract: Invariant and adaptive visual object processing represent two core mechanisms through which the brain's visual system encodes visual objects. The former refers to the visual system achieving object recognition and categorical classification by representing object features invariantly, despite changes in viewing conditions (such as viewpoint or size). The latter involves the dynamic selection and temporary maintenance of object information by the visual system to achieve object representations adapted to an individual's goals and tasks. From the perspective of dorsal-ventral pathway interactions, this article elaborates on the respective information integration mechanisms underlying invariant and adaptive processing, and summarizes their functional relationships (e.g., static recognition vs. dynamic modulation; feature-driven vs. task-driven).
Specifically, the paper first discusses the functional segregation and integration within the dorsal-ventral pathways during invariant visual object processing. It posits that during object feature recognition, the ventral pathway alone is insufficient for representing the global shape crucial for invariant processing. Instead, global shape information represented in the posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) converges with local feature information represented by the ventral pathway in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), thereby supporting invariant visual object processing. Subsequently, the article examines the functional integration mechanisms during adaptive visual object processing. It proposes that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) acts as a dynamic platform for integrating object information, flexibly selecting task-relevant visual object information from the ventral pathway and temporarily maintaining it within visual working memory (VWM) - supported by the superior intraparietal sulcus (sIPS) - for cognitive operations, thus enabling goal-directed adaptive visual information processing.
Accordingly, this article highlights functional interactions between the dorsal and ventral pathways during visual object representation. Invariant visual object representation constitutes a primarily feature-driven (bottom-up) functional integration, providing a stable, veridical, and detailed representation of the visual environment. In contrast, adaptive visual object representation constitutes a primarily task-driven (top-down) functional integration, enabling flexible and effective interaction with the external world. Furthermore, regarding the logical sequence of cognitive processing, adaptive information processing in the dorsal pathway - mediated by attention and VWM - is proposed to build upon the completion of invariant representations in the ventral pathway. Conversely, the dorsal pathway modulates and reshapes VWM-related object information within the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC) to facilitate cross-pathway functional integration. The mechanisms of dorsal-ventral pathway interaction in visual object processing elucidated herein not only refine our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying object cognition but also hold significant value for artificial intelligence modeling of object recognition and clinical research on visual perceptual disorders.
Future research should focus on development and refinement in five key areas: First, regarding the mechanisms of attention's influence on global shape representation, it is necessary to investigate the functional nature of global shape processing in the dorsal pathway from both bottom-up and top-down attentional perspectives. Second, concerning the potential influence of object familiarity on the representation of global shape and local features in the dorsal-ventral pathways, research should integrate findings from infant development, computational modeling (e.g., DNNs), and neuropsychological studies of brain lesions to explore how changes in object familiarity through learning and training affect the processing and integration of global and local features. Third, regarding how VWM resists interference to maintain processing of goal-relevant stimuli, studies are needed to examine how the dorsal pathway (PPC) integrates information from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the ventral pathway within VWM to prioritize task-relevant target information while filtering out irrelevant distractions. Fourth, concerning the impact of endogenous memory information on adaptive visual object representation, attention should be directed to the relationship between the buffering mechanism for multimodal spatiotemporal information input in the angular gyrus (AnG) and the information selection/manipulation functions of the lateral (lIPS) and superior (sIPS) intraparietal sulcus, to elucidate the PPC's mechanisms for adaptive visual representation of internally and externally generated information. Finally, regarding the dynamic bidirectional interactions between the dorsal and ventral pathways during ontogeny - specifically, the driving and supportive role of the earlier-developing dorsal pathway on the later-developing ventral pathway in infancy, and the subsequent supportive/driving influence of the maturing ventral pathway on dorsal pathway development in childhood - research is needed to examine how these directionally distinct interactions during infancy and childhood influence the functional integration of the dorsal-ventral pathways in invariant and adaptive visual object processing. In summary, investigating these aspects is crucial for constructing a comprehensive model of dorsal-ventral pathway interactions in object representation and holds significant prospective value for guiding future research.

Key words: visual object representation, dorsal-ventral pathway interaction, invariant visual object processing, adaptive visual object processing

CLC Number:

B842

GAO Fei, CAI Houde. Dorsal-ventral pathway interactions in visual object representation[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2026, 34(4): 710-725.

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