面向心理学的虚拟现实实验开发工具

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01800

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在使用虚拟现实技术进行心理学研究时, 建立一个高质量的虚拟实验环境至关重要。然而, 对于部分缺乏计算机编程经验的心理学研究者来说, 这一任务常常充满挑战。为应对这一难题, 领域内的研究者开发了多种专门用于虚拟现实实验的工具, 借助游戏引擎等技术, 大大降低了研究者对专业技术知识的依赖。这些工具各具特色, 一部分提供实验框架, 帮助研究者从整体上更轻松地搭建实验环境, 而另一部分则专注于解决特定的技术难题, 在特定环节或范式上为研究者提供必要的技术支持和开发范例。未来, 实验工具还可能会采用“元框架”的理念, 为开发者提供更高效、灵活的开发模式。

关键词: 虚拟现实, 3D实验刺激, 实验开发工具, 元框架, 可重复性, 开放科学

Abstract:

Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly recognized as a groundbreaking tool in psychological research, offering the ability to create controlled, ecologically valid environments uniquely suited for studying human behavior and cognitive processes. However, despite its transformative potential, developing VR experiments presents significant technical challenges, particularly for researchers who may not possess advanced programming skills. To address these challenges, a variety of specialized tools have been developed to simplify the creation of VR experiments. These tools enable researchers to focus more on experimental design and less on the complex technical intricacies associated with VR development.

This review systematically categorizes and assesses a diverse array of VR tools introduced in recent years. These tools are classified into two primary categories: general-purpose experimental frameworks and those tailored to specific experimental paradigms. General-purpose experimental frameworks, such as those based on Unity, offer highly flexible environments that can be adapted to a wide range of experimental designs. These frameworks are particularly advantageous for researchers who need to create complex, customized VR experiments. For example, Unity-based frameworks are versatile and powerful, allowing detailed control over experimental conditions, though they often require some programming expertise. In contrast, tools tailored to specific experimental paradigms, such as VREX for attention and memory research, provide pre-configured templates and resources. These specialized tools simplify the setup process, minimize the need for technical adjustments, and allow researchers to conduct studies with minimal setup time. This review also highlights recent progress and new tools that combine physiological signal recording devices with VR, demonstrating how this integration can enhance research capabilities.

By detailing the key features and potential use cases of each tool, the review provides psychological researchers with valuable insights into selecting the most appropriate tools for their experimental goals. Furthermore, the review summarizes the usage methods, technical foundations, and accessibility of these tools through tables, offering well-organized resources and an informative guide for researchers. This contributes to the ongoing evolution of psychological research methodologies and empowers researchers to explore new frontiers in understanding human behavior and cognition through VR.

The review also explores emerging trends and future directions in VR experiment development, introducing new concepts such as the “meta-framework” and the “experiment as code” approach. These innovative ideas advocate for unifying various tools and frameworks under a common architecture, thereby making VR experiment development more accessible, efficient, and standardized. The meta-framework concept, in particular, seeks to enhance the scalability, reproducibility, and consistency of VR experiments, addressing many of the current challenges faced by researchers in VR-based psychological studies. To further illustrate the advantages of these concepts, the paper presents a more specific model: the “researcher-developer-participant” meta-framework development model. This model, when combined with cloud-based collaborative approaches, emphasizes the separation of research design from technical implementation. Such a division allows for greater flexibility and standardization in VR experiments, making it more feasible for a wider range of researchers to adopt VR technology in their studies. By enabling researchers to focus on the conceptual aspects of their research while specialized developers handle the technical execution, these concepts have the potential to create more accessible and scalable VR solutions, thereby opening up new avenues for investigation and discovery.

Key words: virtual reality, 3D stimuli, experimental development tools, meta-framework, reproducibility, open science

中图分类号:

B841

韩明, 蒯曙光. (2024). 面向心理学的虚拟现实实验开发工具. 心理科学进展 , 32(11), 1800-1813.

HAN Ming, KUAI Shu-Guang. (2024). Toolkits for virtual reality research in psychology. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(11), 1800-1813.

图/表 2

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[71]	Wiener, J. M., Carroll, D., Moeller, S., Bibi, I., Ivanova, D., Allen, P., & Wolbers, T. (2020). A novel virtual-reality- based route-learning test suite: Assessing the effects of cognitive aging on navigation. Behavior Research Methods, 52(2), 630-640. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01264-8 doi: 10.3758/s13428-019-01264-8 URL pmid: 31236900
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工具箱	类型	描述	来源参考	编程语言	依赖软件	使用所需前置基础
UXF	Unity插件	允许使用者通过结构化框架构建实验的核心模块	http://github.com/immersivecognition/unity-experiment-framework	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
bmlTUX	Unity插件	因素设计实验搭建框架	https://biomotionlab.github.io/TUX/	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
Toggle Toolkit	Unity插件	为虚拟物体添脚本, 记录被试与虚拟物体的互动行为	https://github.com/kim-dotcom/toggleScript	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎
EVE Framework	Unity项目文件	多功能VR实验的开发工具, 使用SQL进行数据储存, 提供数据预处理的R语言包贮存	https://cog-ethz.github.io/EVE/	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript、SQL
VRSTK	Unity插件	多功能开发框架, 支持对接其他插件以实现各种功能	https://github.com/ixperience-lab/VRSTK	C#、R、Python	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
Study Framework Plugin	Unreal Engine插件	允许使用虚幻引擎创建因素设计研究	https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/vr-vis/VR-Group/unreal-development/plugins/unreal-study-framework	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
USE	Unity插件	用户生成虚拟环境实验, 支持使用Matlab对数据进行解析	https://github.com/att-circ-contrl/use?tab=readme-ov-file	C#、Matlab	Unity3D、Matlab	Unity引擎、C#、Matlab
VREX	Unity项目文件/Unity程序	随机生成房间与物体, 用于生成记忆与变化盲视实验	https://vrex.mozello.com/	C#	无	无
Metachron	Unreal Engine项目文件	用于研究虚拟时间感知的实验	https://hci.uni-wuerzburg.de/projects/virtualtimes/	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
PTVR	Python工具箱	一个基于Unity, 但支持用户使用python进行编程的视知觉实验工具	https://ptvr.inria.fr/	Python	Python 3.6	Python
QuickVR	Unity插件	使虚拟身体动作同步响应被试动作, 用于虚拟具身感研究	https://gitlab.com/eventlabprojects/quickvr.packages/com.quickvr.quickbase	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
VRthreat Toolkit	Unity插件	用于创建威胁场景实验	https://xip.uclb.com/product/vrthreat-toolkit-for-unity	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
VERA	Unity插件	在虚拟现实中收集与记录包括眼动信息在内的注意数据	https://github.com/numediart/VERA	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎
Landmarks	Unity项目文件	用于开发空间导航的实验的框架	https://github.com/mjstarrett/Landmarks	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
OpenMaze	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验, 可以通过配置文件定义实验任务	https://github.com/DuncanLab/OpenMaze/releases/tag/v1.1.0	C#	Unity3D	无
DeFINE	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验, 能在实验期间向参与者提供反馈	https://github.com/ktiwari9/define-VR	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
VNT	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验	https://gitlab.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/virtual_navigation_tools/unity_vnt_main	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
NavWell	Unity程序	在web设计虚拟水迷宫任务, 在unity程序中进行导航实验	https://navwell.cs.nuim.ie/home	C#/HTML	无	无
PhysioVR	Unity插件	在虚拟现实程序中收集多种生理信号的框架	https://github.com/PhysioTools/PhysioVR	C#与JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
Excite-O-Meter	Unity插件	在Unity中实现心率变异性数据记录与分析	https://sites.google.com/view/exciteometer/	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎
PARE-VR	Unity插件	通过移动腕表、手机和Unity共同完成的心率变异率测量工具	https://github.com/luisqtr/pare-vr	C#、C++和JAVA	Unity3D	Unity引擎
vexptoolbox	Python工具箱	简化在Vizard平台上开发实验的工具	https://github.com/ischtz/vizard-experiment-toolbox	Python	Vizard （6或7）	Python、Vizard
ExpyVR	独立应用	基于PsychoPy开源脚本进行修改, 支持OpenGL进行3D渲染	https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnco/research/expyvr/	Python	无	Python
R2VR	R语言的包	在R中实现和执行VR实验的包	https://github.com/ACEMS/r2vr	R	无	R
SkyBXF	基于游戏模组的行为实验框架	一款基于VR游戏模组编辑器的插件	https://github.com/ZeminL/SkyBXF	无	上古卷轴V：天际VR	无
VRQuestionnaireToolkit	Unity插件	支持在虚拟现实环境中实施问卷测试的工具	https://github.com/MartinFk/VRQuestionnaireToolkit	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
MR-RIEW	Unity项目文件	提供问卷调查相关虚拟现实功能	https://github.com/CrowdVRLab/MR-RIEW?tab=readme-ov-file	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
IXCI	Unity插件	提供一个基于Web的可视界面, 用于控制和监视Unity虚拟现实程序	https://github.com/alreylz/ixci	JavaScript/HTML	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#、Web
CReST	Unreal Engine插件	跨现实研究工具, 允许研究人员以增强现实方式对虚拟现实实验中的被试进行同步观察	https://github.com/AriaXR/CReST	C++	Unreal Engine 4.27	Unreal引擎
VO	Unity插件	记录与重建参与者动作信息	https://github.com/VirtualObservationSystem/VirtualObservationSystem	JavaScript/HTML	Unity3D	Unity引擎、JavaScript、web
DomeVR	Unreal Engine项目文件	用于人类或动物在沉浸式穹顶虚拟环境中的实验工具	https://github.com/zero-noise-lab/DomeVR	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
VALID	FBX	以多样性为目的, 包含各种肤色种族的, 经过骨骼绑定的3D虚拟化身模型	https://github.com/xrtlab/Validated-Avatar-Library-for-Inclusion-and-Diversity---VALID	无	无	无
Hafnia Hands	Unity插件	提供了在虚拟现实研究中使用的多种手部模型, 包括各种肤色与非人类模型。	https://github.com/henningpohl/hafnia-hands	无	Unity3D	无

工具箱	类型	描述	来源参考	编程语言	依赖软件	使用所需前置基础
UXF	Unity插件	允许使用者通过结构化框架构建实验的核心模块	http://github.com/immersivecognition/unity-experiment-framework	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
bmlTUX	Unity插件	因素设计实验搭建框架	https://biomotionlab.github.io/TUX/	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
Toggle Toolkit	Unity插件	为虚拟物体添脚本, 记录被试与虚拟物体的互动行为	https://github.com/kim-dotcom/toggleScript	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎
EVE Framework	Unity项目文件	多功能VR实验的开发工具, 使用SQL进行数据储存, 提供数据预处理的R语言包贮存	https://cog-ethz.github.io/EVE/	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript、SQL
VRSTK	Unity插件	多功能开发框架, 支持对接其他插件以实现各种功能	https://github.com/ixperience-lab/VRSTK	C#、R、Python	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
Study Framework Plugin	Unreal Engine插件	允许使用虚幻引擎创建因素设计研究	https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/vr-vis/VR-Group/unreal-development/plugins/unreal-study-framework	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
USE	Unity插件	用户生成虚拟环境实验, 支持使用Matlab对数据进行解析	https://github.com/att-circ-contrl/use?tab=readme-ov-file	C#、Matlab	Unity3D、Matlab	Unity引擎、C#、Matlab
VREX	Unity项目文件/Unity程序	随机生成房间与物体, 用于生成记忆与变化盲视实验	https://vrex.mozello.com/	C#	无	无
Metachron	Unreal Engine项目文件	用于研究虚拟时间感知的实验	https://hci.uni-wuerzburg.de/projects/virtualtimes/	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
PTVR	Python工具箱	一个基于Unity, 但支持用户使用python进行编程的视知觉实验工具	https://ptvr.inria.fr/	Python	Python 3.6	Python
QuickVR	Unity插件	使虚拟身体动作同步响应被试动作, 用于虚拟具身感研究	https://gitlab.com/eventlabprojects/quickvr.packages/com.quickvr.quickbase	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
VRthreat Toolkit	Unity插件	用于创建威胁场景实验	https://xip.uclb.com/product/vrthreat-toolkit-for-unity	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
VERA	Unity插件	在虚拟现实中收集与记录包括眼动信息在内的注意数据	https://github.com/numediart/VERA	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎
Landmarks	Unity项目文件	用于开发空间导航的实验的框架	https://github.com/mjstarrett/Landmarks	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
OpenMaze	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验, 可以通过配置文件定义实验任务	https://github.com/DuncanLab/OpenMaze/releases/tag/v1.1.0	C#	Unity3D	无
DeFINE	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验, 能在实验期间向参与者提供反馈	https://github.com/ktiwari9/define-VR	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
VNT	Unity插件	用于开发空间导航的实验	https://gitlab.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/virtual_navigation_tools/unity_vnt_main	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
NavWell	Unity程序	在web设计虚拟水迷宫任务, 在unity程序中进行导航实验	https://navwell.cs.nuim.ie/home	C#/HTML	无	无
PhysioVR	Unity插件	在虚拟现实程序中收集多种生理信号的框架	https://github.com/PhysioTools/PhysioVR	C#与JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#
Excite-O-Meter	Unity插件	在Unity中实现心率变异性数据记录与分析	https://sites.google.com/view/exciteometer/	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎
PARE-VR	Unity插件	通过移动腕表、手机和Unity共同完成的心率变异率测量工具	https://github.com/luisqtr/pare-vr	C#、C++和JAVA	Unity3D	Unity引擎
vexptoolbox	Python工具箱	简化在Vizard平台上开发实验的工具	https://github.com/ischtz/vizard-experiment-toolbox	Python	Vizard （6或7）	Python、Vizard
ExpyVR	独立应用	基于PsychoPy开源脚本进行修改, 支持OpenGL进行3D渲染	https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnco/research/expyvr/	Python	无	Python
R2VR	R语言的包	在R中实现和执行VR实验的包	https://github.com/ACEMS/r2vr	R	无	R
SkyBXF	基于游戏模组的行为实验框架	一款基于VR游戏模组编辑器的插件	https://github.com/ZeminL/SkyBXF	无	上古卷轴V：天际VR	无
VRQuestionnaireToolkit	Unity插件	支持在虚拟现实环境中实施问卷测试的工具	https://github.com/MartinFk/VRQuestionnaireToolkit	JavaScript	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
MR-RIEW	Unity项目文件	提供问卷调查相关虚拟现实功能	https://github.com/CrowdVRLab/MR-RIEW?tab=readme-ov-file	C#	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#或 JavaScript
IXCI	Unity插件	提供一个基于Web的可视界面, 用于控制和监视Unity虚拟现实程序	https://github.com/alreylz/ixci	JavaScript/HTML	Unity3D	Unity引擎、C#、Web
CReST	Unreal Engine插件	跨现实研究工具, 允许研究人员以增强现实方式对虚拟现实实验中的被试进行同步观察	https://github.com/AriaXR/CReST	C++	Unreal Engine 4.27	Unreal引擎
VO	Unity插件	记录与重建参与者动作信息	https://github.com/VirtualObservationSystem/VirtualObservationSystem	JavaScript/HTML	Unity3D	Unity引擎、JavaScript、web
DomeVR	Unreal Engine项目文件	用于人类或动物在沉浸式穹顶虚拟环境中的实验工具	https://github.com/zero-noise-lab/DomeVR	C++	Unreal Engine 4.X	Unreal引擎
VALID	FBX	以多样性为目的, 包含各种肤色种族的, 经过骨骼绑定的3D虚拟化身模型	https://github.com/xrtlab/Validated-Avatar-Library-for-Inclusion-and-Diversity---VALID	无	无	无
Hafnia Hands	Unity插件	提供了在虚拟现实研究中使用的多种手部模型, 包括各种肤色与非人类模型。	https://github.com/henningpohl/hafnia-hands	无	Unity3D	无