基于预测加工理论的角色交换解释模型

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.01504

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

角色交换(role reversal)是心理剧(psychodrama)治疗的基本技术之一。基于莫雷诺的经典理论, 角色即当事人的自我展现。当代心理剧治疗实践在莫雷诺理论的基础上积累了丰富的临床经验, 但缺乏一个有解释力的理论来整合性地说明心理剧治疗的工作机制。预测加工理论从角色交换体验的分析出发, 说明了角色交换过程中个体自身位的“主角”与交换位的“对角”之间的互动与建构关系。根据预测加工理论, 角色交换是一种自我建构过程。在从单次角色交换治疗到整个治疗过程的不同层面上, 这个自我建构过程分别体现为: (1)角色交换产生了信号类型的改变; (2)角色交换带来了模型的更新; (3)新的人际模型在互动建构中生成。总结起来, 运用预测加工理论来解释角色交换的结构化特征, 将能促进这项技术在临床治疗中发挥更好的效果。

关键词: 心理剧, 角色交换, 角色建构, 自我, 预测加工

Abstract:

Psychodrama is an experiential psychotherapy in which role reversal is one of the core techniques. Jacob Levy Moreno, the founder of psychodrama, believes that the self emerges from the role that we play. On the basis of Morenian role theory, rich clinical experience has been accumulated in contemporary psychodrama therapy, but it lacks an explanatory theory to comprehensively explain the beneficial effects of the working mechanism of psychodrama therapy. Predictive processing theory is a new paradigm for understanding the mind in recent years. It provides us with a possible framework for explaining self-knowledge. This study introduces predictive processing theory to explain interpersonal interaction relationship in the process of role reversal, based on the experience of role reversal. By answering how the predictive mind functions in the process of constructing the self, this study points out that role reversal is a kind of self-construction process.

There are three psychodrama interpretation models from the perspectives of signal, model and interaction. This study discusses not only the effect of a single role reversal on the predictive mind but also the effect of multiple role exchanges on the model update. Three explanatory models answer the question on how the model changes during a psychodrama work, and also attempt to clarify the interactive construction process of the model throughout the whole psychodrama process. The process is as follows.

First, the step of switching forces the protagonist to take the perspectives of the other person, and brings about the change of the signal type. The protagonist’s predicted signals change into the auxiliary’s sensory signals, so that individuals can recognize their own existence as an object. Then, the auxiliary’s predicted signals change into the protagonist’s sensory signals, which facilitates the model update of the protagonist. In the consultation, the change of signal type is divided into three steps. The process of signal transition presents implicit conflicting patterns that help individuals find strategies that minimize prediction errors.

Second, the model that the protagonist owns has been updated when roles reverse with one another, at the same time, the protagonist has been required to activate two internal representations simultaneously, one of the “self”and one of the“other”. The accuracy trade-off towards two models determines how much individuals rely on evidence in the environment or on their own prior experience. Role reversal is the process of an interpersonal precision trade-off. Individuals can collect more information on the protagonist and the opposite, or other related roles in their own system, and make self-determined choices after understanding the accuracy of each representation.

Third, the model is constructed and generated in the interaction between the individual self and the other. The self-model is hierarchical. Every level of hierarchical model can be described by a causal Bayesian network. On this basis, the Bayesian network of the protagonist and the auxiliary is constructed interactively. Relationships between three variables (hypothesis variables, prediction variables and intermediate variables) can be found. Within the framework of psychodrama, intermediate variables conclude social systems, cultural contexts, and interactions between different norms. Multiple role reversals have additive effects on model updates. Combined with the psychodrama spiral proposed by Goldman and Momson (1984), the model is also dynamically constructed. The psychological drama spiral based on predictive processing theory is dynamic.

The conclusion turns out that explaining the structural features of role reversal according to predictive processing theory can promote this technology so as to play a better role in clinical treatment. In the future, we will conduct empirical research on the mechanism of role reversal to verify the above models.

Key words: psychodrama, role reversal, role construction, self, predictive processing

中图分类号:

R395

叶方, 邱惠林, 蒋柯, 李长瑾. (2023). 基于预测加工理论的角色交换解释模型. 心理科学进展 , 31(8), 1504-1516.

YE Fang, QIU Huilin, JIANG Ke, LI Changjin. (2023). Interpretation model of role reversal based on predictive processing theory. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(8), 1504-1516.

图/表 4

图1 角色交换中信号类型的改变注: (a)表示个案在主角的位置, (b)表示个案交换到对角, (c)表示个案重新交换回主角。个案在角色交换的不同阶段信号类型不同。生成模型'指对角的关于世界的最佳猜测, 和主角的生成模型相区别。

图2 预测误差与模型更新过程注: 当个体在主角位置产生的预测信号和输入信号匹配时, 个体会巩固自己的模型; 当两者不匹配时, 预测误差刺激个体更新自己的模型或改变环境。个体在对角位置的预测机制同理。个体在主角位置的预测信号和输入信号, 转换到对角位置时变成输入信号和预测信号。通过从主角到对角的位置转换, 更有可能促进个体通过调节模型来减小预测误差, 并实现主角模型与对角模型的更好匹配。在单次角色交换中“改变环境”有多种含义, 故在图中省略。

图3 角色交换的互动网络模型注: (a)主角和对角的模型是有层级结构的。虚线表示经过多次角色交换, 两个模型的相同层级相互建构。在整个工作过程中, 两个模型进行清晰的概念化的层级顺序为: n-1到n+1。个体的角色经历了从角色取得到角色创造的发展。(b)表示同一层级的两个模型相互作用的因果贝叶斯网络。H1、H2为主角的假设变量, H3、H4为对角的假设变量。P1、P2为主角的预测变量, P3、P4为对角的预测变量。i1－i10为中间变量。

图4 基于预测加工理论的心理剧螺旋注: 参考Goldman & Morrison, 1984; Kwisthout et al., 2017制作。

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