智慧与幸福感的关系：基于多元幸福取向的视角

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00544

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智慧与幸福是人类的普遍追求。智慧与自我实现幸福感(eudaimonia well-being)正相关得到研究者的普遍认同。智慧与享乐主义幸福感(hedonia well-being)是何种关系, 仍在争论中。从智慧发展的角度, 学者提出了积极人格发展观和发展历程观, 对智慧与幸福感的关系进行更深入的理论探讨。结合中国文化及智慧和幸福感的研究进展, 提出发展水平观：随着智慧发展水平不断提高, 个体幸福感的来源、持续时间以及对身心健康的影响存在差异。未来宜重点解决两个问题：(1)选择和编制适宜的智慧和幸福感测量工具; (2)澄清智慧与幸福感的因果关系。

关键词: 智慧, 幸福感, 积极人格发展观, 发展历程观, 发展水平观

Abstract:

Wisdom and well-being are universal human pursuits. The positive correlation between wisdom and eudaimonic well-being is generally recognized by researchers. However, the relationship between wisdom and hedonic well-being is still debated. Researchers have proposed the model of positive personality development and the developmental process model from the perspective of wisdom development to further explore the relationship between wisdom and well-being. Based on Chinese culture and research on wisdom and well-being, the present article proposes the developmental level model: With the growth of wisdom, the well-being of individuals varies in terms of sources, durations, and influences on physical and mental health. In the future, we should focus on solving two problems: 1) choosing and developing an appropriate tool for measuring wisdom and well-being, and 2) clarifying the causal relationship between wisdom and well-being.

Key words: wisdom, well-being, positive personality development, developmental process model, developmental level model

中图分类号:

B848

傅绪荣, 魏新东, 王予灵, 汪凤炎. (2019). 智慧与幸福感的关系：基于多元幸福取向的视角. 心理科学进展 , 27(3), 544-556.

FU Xurong, WEI Xindong, WANG Yuling, WANG Fengyan. (2019). The relationship between wisdom and well-being: A perspective based on multiple orientations to well-being. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(3), 544-556.

图/表 3

参考文献 84

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作者(年代)	文化群体	年龄跨度	测量智慧的工具或范式	自我实现幸福感的测量指标	相关系数
Staudinger et al. (1997)	德国人	19~87	BWM	开放性, 心理感受性	r_开放性 = 0.42, r_心理感受_性 = 0.28
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003)	德国人	15~70	BWM	价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向	r_自我成长= 0.20, r_洞察力 = 0.23, r_友人福祉 = 0.20, r_生态保护= 0.17, r_社会贡献 = 0.17, r_合作倾向 = 0.16
Ardelt (2003)	美国人	52~87	3D-WS	控制感, 人生目标	r_控制感= 0.63, r_人生目标 = 0.61
Webster (2010)	加拿大人、中国人、印度人等	18~36	SAWS	价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度	r_自我成长 = 0.55, r_洞察力 = 0.51, r_友人福祉 = 0.34, r_生态保护 = 0.39, r_社会贡献 = 0.26, r_生命态度 = 0.23
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	3D-WS	价值观：自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野)	r_自我提升= -0.08, ns r_开放性= 0.20, r_自我超越 = 0.17
Ardelt (2011)	主体是澳大利亚人	18~68	3D-WS	心理幸福感	r =040~0.49
Taylor et al. (2011)	同上	同上	3D-WS, SAWS	心理幸福感	r_3D-WS= 0.64, r_SAWS = 0.46
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013)	具体不详, 说英语和法语	45~79	3D-WS	生活参与度, 感知控制	r_生活参与= 0.35, r_感知控制= 0.40
Webster et al. (2012)	丹麦人	17~92	SAWS	心理幸福感	r = 0.44
Wink & Staudinger (2015)	美国中产阶级	68~77	BWM	人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生	r_人格成长= 0.57, r_创生 = 0.34
Ardelt, Gerlach, & Vaillant (2018)	美国人	平均80	3D-WS	开放性	r = 0.31

作者(年代)	文化群体	年龄跨度	测量智慧的工具或范式	自我实现幸福感的测量指标	相关系数
Staudinger et al. (1997)	德国人	19~87	BWM	开放性, 心理感受性	r_开放性 = 0.42, r_心理感受_性 = 0.28
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003)	德国人	15~70	BWM	价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向	r_自我成长= 0.20, r_洞察力 = 0.23, r_友人福祉 = 0.20, r_生态保护= 0.17, r_社会贡献 = 0.17, r_合作倾向 = 0.16
Ardelt (2003)	美国人	52~87	3D-WS	控制感, 人生目标	r_控制感= 0.63, r_人生目标 = 0.61
Webster (2010)	加拿大人、中国人、印度人等	18~36	SAWS	价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度	r_自我成长 = 0.55, r_洞察力 = 0.51, r_友人福祉 = 0.34, r_生态保护 = 0.39, r_社会贡献 = 0.26, r_生命态度 = 0.23
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	3D-WS	价值观：自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野)	r_自我提升= -0.08, ns r_开放性= 0.20, r_自我超越 = 0.17
Ardelt (2011)	主体是澳大利亚人	18~68	3D-WS	心理幸福感	r =040~0.49
Taylor et al. (2011)	同上	同上	3D-WS, SAWS	心理幸福感	r_3D-WS= 0.64, r_SAWS = 0.46
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013)	具体不详, 说英语和法语	45~79	3D-WS	生活参与度, 感知控制	r_生活参与= 0.35, r_感知控制= 0.40
Webster et al. (2012)	丹麦人	17~92	SAWS	心理幸福感	r = 0.44
Wink & Staudinger (2015)	美国中产阶级	68~77	BWM	人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生	r_人格成长= 0.57, r_创生 = 0.34
Ardelt, Gerlach, & Vaillant (2018)	美国人	平均80	3D-WS	开放性	r = 0.31

研究者(年代)	文化群体	年龄跨度	测量智慧的工具或范式	享乐主义幸福感的测量指标	相关系数
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关
Wink & Helson (1997)	美国人	27~52	BWM	生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度	r_{生活满意度}= 0.16, ns, r_{夫妻关系满意度}= 0.02, ns
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003)	德国人	15~70	BWM	情绪形容词	r_快乐情绪 = -0.17, r_消极情绪 = -0.13, r_情绪卷入 = 0.28
Mickler & Staudinger (2008)	德国人	20~40 60~80	BWM	情绪形容词	r_积极情绪= 0.05~0.11, ns, r_消极情绪= -0.02~0.04, ns
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	ASTI	生活满意度	r = 0.09, ns
Grossmann et al. (2013)	美国人	25~90	智慧推理	积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言	r_{生活满意度} = 0.17, r_积极情绪=0.01, ns, r_消极情绪 = -0.27, r_{人际关系质量} = 0.25, r_情感语言= 0.19
Hu, Huang, Ferrari, Wang, Xie, & Zhang (2018)	中国人	18~22	BWM	面部表情记录设备	r_悲伤情绪= 0.36
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关
Ardelt (1997)	美国人	58~82	3D-WS	生活满意度	r_女= 0.76, r_男 = 0.70
Ardelt (2003)	美国人	52~87	3D-WS	一般幸福感和抑郁	r_{一般幸福感}= 0.45, r_抑郁= -0.59
Neff, Rude, & Kirkpatrick (2007)	美国人	不详(大学生)	3D-WS	主观幸福感	r_认知 = 0.11, ns, r_反省 = 0.47, r_情感= 0.35
Beaumont (2009)	加拿大人	18~35	ASTI	主观幸福感	r = 0.48
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	3D-WS	生活满意度	r = 0.33
Bergsma & Ardelt (2012)	丹麦人	20~70	3D-WS	快乐情绪	r = 0.30
Webster et al. (2012)	丹麦人	17~92	SAWS	快乐情绪	r = 0.30
Zacher, McKenna, & Rooney (2013)	美国人	16~74	3D-WS	生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪	r_{生活满意度} = 0.16, r_积极情绪 = 0.14, r_消极情绪 = -0.29
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013)	具体不详, 说英语和法语	45~79	3D-WS	积极情绪, 消极情绪	r_积极情绪 = 0.34, r_消极情绪 = -0.27
Wink & Staudinger (2015)	美国人	68~77	BWM	人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳)	r_人格适应= 0.25
Ardelt & Jeste (2016)	美国人	51~99	3D-WS	生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康	r_{生活满意度}= 0.29, r_{一般幸福感}= 0.35, r_积极情绪= 0.34, r_心理健康= 0.33
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & Jeste (2017)	美国人	21~100	3D-WS	心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度	r_心理健康= 0.26, r_{一般幸福感}= 0.35, r_焦虑= -0.27, r_{生活满意度} = 0.30
Ardelt et al. (2018)	美国人	平均80	3D-WS	一般幸福感	r = 0.17

研究者(年代)	文化群体	年龄跨度	测量智慧的工具或范式	享乐主义幸福感的测量指标	相关系数
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关
Wink & Helson (1997)	美国人	27~52	BWM	生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度	r_{生活满意度}= 0.16, ns, r_{夫妻关系满意度}= 0.02, ns
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003)	德国人	15~70	BWM	情绪形容词	r_快乐情绪 = -0.17, r_消极情绪 = -0.13, r_情绪卷入 = 0.28
Mickler & Staudinger (2008)	德国人	20~40 60~80	BWM	情绪形容词	r_积极情绪= 0.05~0.11, ns, r_消极情绪= -0.02~0.04, ns
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	ASTI	生活满意度	r = 0.09, ns
Grossmann et al. (2013)	美国人	25~90	智慧推理	积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言	r_{生活满意度} = 0.17, r_积极情绪=0.01, ns, r_消极情绪 = -0.27, r_{人际关系质量} = 0.25, r_情感语言= 0.19
Hu, Huang, Ferrari, Wang, Xie, & Zhang (2018)	中国人	18~22	BWM	面部表情记录设备	r_悲伤情绪= 0.36
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关
Ardelt (1997)	美国人	58~82	3D-WS	生活满意度	r_女= 0.76, r_男 = 0.70
Ardelt (2003)	美国人	52~87	3D-WS	一般幸福感和抑郁	r_{一般幸福感}= 0.45, r_抑郁= -0.59
Neff, Rude, & Kirkpatrick (2007)	美国人	不详(大学生)	3D-WS	主观幸福感	r_认知 = 0.11, ns, r_反省 = 0.47, r_情感= 0.35
Beaumont (2009)	加拿大人	18~35	ASTI	主观幸福感	r = 0.48
Le (2011)	美国人	39~96	3D-WS	生活满意度	r = 0.33
Bergsma & Ardelt (2012)	丹麦人	20~70	3D-WS	快乐情绪	r = 0.30
Webster et al. (2012)	丹麦人	17~92	SAWS	快乐情绪	r = 0.30
Zacher, McKenna, & Rooney (2013)	美国人	16~74	3D-WS	生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪	r_{生活满意度} = 0.16, r_积极情绪 = 0.14, r_消极情绪 = -0.29
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013)	具体不详, 说英语和法语	45~79	3D-WS	积极情绪, 消极情绪	r_积极情绪 = 0.34, r_消极情绪 = -0.27
Wink & Staudinger (2015)	美国人	68~77	BWM	人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳)	r_人格适应= 0.25
Ardelt & Jeste (2016)	美国人	51~99	3D-WS	生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康	r_{生活满意度}= 0.29, r_{一般幸福感}= 0.35, r_积极情绪= 0.34, r_心理健康= 0.33
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & Jeste (2017)	美国人	21~100	3D-WS	心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度	r_心理健康= 0.26, r_{一般幸福感}= 0.35, r_焦虑= -0.27, r_{生活满意度} = 0.30
Ardelt et al. (2018)	美国人	平均80	3D-WS	一般幸福感	r = 0.17