贫穷限制想象?贫困心态对创业构思的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2025.1712

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

鼓励和促进金字塔底层(Bottom of the Pyramid, BOP)创业是近年来实现长效脱贫与乡村振兴有效衔接的新思路。然而, 迄今为止, 影响BOP群体创业行为的认知因素却很少受到关注。本研究聚焦“贫困心态是否影响创业构思”这一核心研究问题, 通过三大研究模块揭示BOP创业情境下贫困心态与创业构思的关系：1)稀缺理论视角下贫困心态影响创业构思的过程机理; 2)建构主义视角下贫困心态影响创业构思的干预策略; 3)稀缺自我调节视角下贫困心态构型及其预测效应。通过多视角系统研究设计, 本研究拟揭示贫困心态与创业构思的关系在本土BOP创业情境下的发展规律, 加深对情境-认知驱动下BOP创业者创新活动前端的理论认识, 为政府和实践界针对BOP群体的创业扶持政策制定和创业知识服务设计提供理论指导和实践启示。

关键词: 贫困心态, 创业构思, 创业心态

Abstract:

Encouraging and promoting entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) has emerged as a novel approach in recent years for effectively linking long-term poverty alleviation with rural revitalization. However, to date, the cognitive factors influencing the entrepreneurial behavior of the BOP population have received scant attention. This study focuses on the core research question: “Does the poverty mindset affect entrepreneurial ideation?” and investigates the relationship between the poverty mindset and entrepreneurial ideation in the BOP entrepreneurial context through three major research modules. Research Module 1 adopts the scarcity theory perspective to explore process mechanisms through which the poverty mindset affects entrepreneurial ideation. Specifically: 1) Using the attentional focus shift path of scarcity, it reveals the "tunneling effect" on entrepreneurial ideation via prospective thinking and the resource-induced coping heuristic as mediating variables; 2) Applying the cognitive load path of scarcity, it demonstrates the "bandwidth effect" on entrepreneurial ideation through intuitive cognition and cognitive flexibility as mediators. Research Module 2 employs a constructivist lens to examine intervention strategies for poverty mindset's impact on entrepreneurial ideation. This includes: 1) Drawing from sensemaking theory to identify boundary conditions for the "tunneling effect" using perceived innovation legitimacy as moderator; 2) Grounded in cognitive construction theory, it establishes boundary conditions for the "bandwidth effect" using ideation structuring as moderator. Research Module 3 utilizes the scarcity self-regulation perspective to investigate latent profiles of poverty mindset and their predictive effects. Originating from the need to explore BOP entrepreneur heterogeneity, this module applies a person-centered research paradigm to examine whether replicable poverty mindset profiles exist among BOP entrepreneurs, and how these profiles predict entrepreneurial mindset and ideation quality. This study demonstrates the following theoretical innovations: first, we respond to the academic call to integrate poverty mindset and entrepreneurial mindset research by constructing the theoretical pathway “poverty mindset → entrepreneurial mindset → entrepreneurial ideation”, broadening the theoretical scope of poverty psychology driving entrepreneurial behavior processes and promoting cross-fertilization between scarcity theory and entrepreneurship research; second, we integrate perspectives from the cognitive-driven viewpoint of scarcity theory to propose the process mechanism through which the relationship between the poverty mindset and entrepreneurial ideation in the BOP context is mediated by the entrepreneurial mindset, thereby uncovering the black-box mechanism of how the poverty mindset acts upon entrepreneurial ideation and deepening the academic understanding of the front end of BOP entrepreneurs’ innovation activities under a poverty mindset; third, we construct an intervention framework for the “poverty mindset → entrepreneurial ideation” relationship, providing a new theoretical perspective for intervention strategies aimed at enhancing the quality of entrepreneurial ideation under a poverty mindset; fourth, we explore the latent profiles of the poverty mindset among BOP entrepreneurs and their predictive effects based on a person-centered research paradigm, enriching the application of the person-centered approach in entrepreneurial ideation research. Through a multi-perspective systematic research design, this study aims to reveal the developmental patterns of the relationship between the poverty mindset and entrepreneurial ideation in the local BOP entrepreneurial context, deepen the theoretical understanding of the front end of BOP entrepreneurs’ innovation activities driven by context and cognition, and provide theoretical guidance and practical implications for governments and practitioners in formulating entrepreneurial support policies and designing entrepreneurial knowledge services targeting the BOP population.

Key words: poverty mindset, entrepreneurial ideation, entrepreneurial mindset

中图分类号:

B849:C91

黄皓, 杨陈, 梅玫, 刘晓萌. (2025). 贫穷限制想象?贫困心态对创业构思的影响. 心理科学进展 , 33(10), 1712-1730.

HUANG Hao, YANG Chen, MEI Mei, LIU Xiaomeng. (2025). Does poverty limit imagination? The impact of a poverty mindset on entrepreneurial ideation. Advances in Psychological Science, 33(10), 1712-1730.

图/表 9

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概念	主要观点	学者
创业想法	想象中创业的一种抽象表现	Dimov (2007)
创业构思集	个体在任何给定的时间都可以在记忆中获得完整的创业想法集——从想法的“火花”到完全商业化的想法	Hill & Birkinshaw (2010)
创业构思	创业过程中产生一个新颖且有用的创意的过程	Perry-Smith & Mannucci (2017)
新企业构思	“想象中的未来企业” (即产品/服务、市场和实现这些产品的手段的想象组合)	Davidsson (2015)
创业想法	对潜在未来风险概念的初步且基本不完整的心理表征	Vogel (2017)
创业构思	产生和选择新的创业想法的过程	Kier & McMullen (2018)
创业想法	创业者可能想要创造的东西, 而不是逐渐具体化的初创企业本身	Warnick et al., (2021)

概念	主要观点	学者
创业想法	想象中创业的一种抽象表现	Dimov (2007)
创业构思集	个体在任何给定的时间都可以在记忆中获得完整的创业想法集——从想法的“火花”到完全商业化的想法	Hill & Birkinshaw (2010)
创业构思	创业过程中产生一个新颖且有用的创意的过程	Perry-Smith & Mannucci (2017)
新企业构思	“想象中的未来企业” (即产品/服务、市场和实现这些产品的手段的想象组合)	Davidsson (2015)
创业想法	对潜在未来风险概念的初步且基本不完整的心理表征	Vogel (2017)
创业构思	产生和选择新的创业想法的过程	Kier & McMullen (2018)
创业想法	创业者可能想要创造的东西, 而不是逐渐具体化的初创企业本身	Warnick et al., (2021)

理论视角	主要假设	解释机制	核心内容
稀缺理论视角	稀缺通过影响人们的思考和决策方式来诱导特定的思维模式, 并随后影响个体的行为	贫困心态对创业构思的影响机制	管窥效应：资源应对启发式和前瞻性思维的中介作用带宽效应：直觉认知和认知灵活性的中介作用
建构主义视角	个体通过与环境、他人的互动, 主动构建对事物的理解和认知	贫困心态-创业构思的干预策略	通过意义建构干预管窥效应：创新合法性感知的调节作用通过认知建构干预带宽效应：构思结构化的调节作用
稀缺自我调节视角	个体如何自我调节以应对稀缺心态取决于稀缺心态的可变性	贫困心态构型的识别及其预测效应	贫困心态构型的存在型、可复制性以及对创业心态和创业构思的预测效应

理论视角	主要假设	解释机制	核心内容
稀缺理论视角	稀缺通过影响人们的思考和决策方式来诱导特定的思维模式, 并随后影响个体的行为	贫困心态对创业构思的影响机制	管窥效应：资源应对启发式和前瞻性思维的中介作用带宽效应：直觉认知和认知灵活性的中介作用
建构主义视角	个体通过与环境、他人的互动, 主动构建对事物的理解和认知	贫困心态-创业构思的干预策略	通过意义建构干预管窥效应：创新合法性感知的调节作用通过认知建构干预带宽效应：构思结构化的调节作用
稀缺自我调节视角	个体如何自我调节以应对稀缺心态取决于稀缺心态的可变性	贫困心态构型的识别及其预测效应	贫困心态构型的存在型、可复制性以及对创业心态和创业构思的预测效应

实验名称	自变量	中介变量	调节变量	因变量	实验形式	实验对象
实验1	贫困心态	创业心态	-	创业构思质量	实验室实验	成人群体
实验2	贫困心态	-	创新合法性感知	RICH; 前瞻性思维	现场实验	BOP群体
实验3	贫困心态	-	构思结构化	直觉认知; 认知灵活性	现场实验	BOP群体