姓名对个体心理与行为的实际影响：证据和理论

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

姓名不仅会影响他人的印象与评价, 还可能会影响个体实际的心理与行为。近几十年来, 心理学家在决策、成就、健康、人格四个领域开展了大量实证研究来考察姓氏或名字对个体的实际影响。姓名的多个维度(如独特性、性别倾向、含义效价、温暖-能力维度等)在不同程度上可以预测这些领域的心理与行为(包括职业决策/生活决策/经济决策、职业成就/学业成就、生理健康/心理健康/犯罪行为、人格特质/心理需要/面孔特征等)。但是, 现有研究证据比较混杂, 理论解释有待完善。未来研究应全面考虑姓名维度, 重点解决可重复性、因果关系、心理机制、跨文化普遍性等问题, 努力构建更系统、更包容的理论来解释姓名的心理与行为效应。

关键词: 姓氏, 名字, 行为决策, 个体差异, 跨文化心理学

Abstract:

Personal names not only can influence others' impression and evaluation, but also may affect individuals' own psychology and behavior in real world. Over the past century, psychologists have conducted numerous empirical studies in the domains of decision making, achievement, health, and personality to examine the actual impacts of surnames or given names on individuals. Various dimensions of names (e.g., name uniqueness, name gender, name valence, and name warmth-competence) could, more or less, predict human psychology and behavior (e.g., career/life/economic decisions, career/academic achievements, physical/mental health, criminal behavior, personality traits, psychological needs, and facial characteristics). However, existing evidence is mixed, and current theories are far from adequate. Future studies should examine multiple dimensions of names, deal with methodological problems (e.g., replicability, causality, mechanisms, and cross-cultural generalizability), and try best to develop more systematic and inclusive theories to explain the psychological and behavioral effects of names.

Key words: surname, given name, behavioral decision-making, individual difference, cross-cultural psychology

中图分类号:

B849:C91

包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭. (2021). 姓名对个体心理与行为的实际影响：证据和理论. 心理科学进展 , 29(6), 1067-1085.

BAO Han-Wu-Shuang, CAI Hua-Jian. (2021). Psychological and behavioral effects of personal names in real world: Evidence and theories. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(6), 1067-1085.

图/表 5

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研究取向	分析层面	效应主体	是否关注姓名的内容或维度	姓名的主要作用或角色
实际影响取向	微观/个体水平	自我(姓名持有者)	是	自我概念成分
社会认知取向	微观/个体水平	他人(知觉者)	是	社会知觉对象
自我信息加工取向	微观/个体水平	自我(姓名持有者)	否	区分自己与他人
文化产品取向	宏观/群体水平	地区/国家	是	文化心理指标

研究取向	分析层面	效应主体	是否关注姓名的内容或维度	姓名的主要作用或角色
实际影响取向	微观/个体水平	自我(姓名持有者)	是	自我概念成分
社会认知取向	微观/个体水平	他人(知觉者)	是	社会知觉对象
自我信息加工取向	微观/个体水平	自我(姓名持有者)	否	区分自己与他人
文化产品取向	宏观/群体水平	地区/国家	是	文化心理指标

维度	建议的测量方法(Bao, 2020; Newman et al., 2018)
姓氏(surname/last name)
独特性(surname uniqueness, SNU)¹	[客观指标] 某个姓氏使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)² · SNU = -log₁₀(P_姓 + 10^-6), 取值范围1~6
首字母顺序(surname initial, SNI)	[客观指标] 姓氏首字母在26个英文字母中的排序, 取值范围1~26
名字(given name/first name)
独特性(name uniqueness, NU)¹	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)² · NU = -log₁₀(P_名 + 10^-6), 取值范围1~6
现代性(name modernity, NM)	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数在时间轴上的集中趋势(加权平均值)³ · NM = Σ[ k_{年代编码1} · N_年代1 + ... + k_年代编码_n · N_年代_n] / N_总, 取值范围由k_年代编码确定, 一般可为0~1
性别倾向(name gender, NG)⁴	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数的性别比例(相对比例) · NG = (N_男 - N_女) / (N_男 + N_女), 取值范围-1~1; 其中, -1表示女性化, 0表示中性化, 1表示男性化
含义效价(name valence, NV)⁵	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的积极程度的评价 · 评价单个汉字的含义(1 = 非常消极, 5 = 非常积极)
温暖维度(name warmth, NW)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的温暖属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“温暖”相关特征(热情、友好、正直、诚实、和善、公平、真诚、可靠、有道德)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有)
能力维度(name competence, NC)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的能力属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“能力”相关特征(能干、聪明、细心、高效、创新、灵巧、博学、坚韧、有智慧)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有)
认知流畅性(name fluency, NF)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字的认知加工流畅性的评价 · 评价一个名字(组合)容易识认或发音的程度(1 = 非常难以识认, 5 = 非常容易识认)

维度	建议的测量方法(Bao, 2020; Newman et al., 2018)
姓氏(surname/last name)
独特性(surname uniqueness, SNU)¹	[客观指标] 某个姓氏使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)² · SNU = -log₁₀(P_姓 + 10^-6), 取值范围1~6
首字母顺序(surname initial, SNI)	[客观指标] 姓氏首字母在26个英文字母中的排序, 取值范围1~26
名字(given name/first name)
独特性(name uniqueness, NU)¹	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)² · NU = -log₁₀(P_名 + 10^-6), 取值范围1~6
现代性(name modernity, NM)	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数在时间轴上的集中趋势(加权平均值)³ · NM = Σ[ k_{年代编码1} · N_年代1 + ... + k_年代编码_n · N_年代_n] / N_总, 取值范围由k_年代编码确定, 一般可为0~1
性别倾向(name gender, NG)⁴	[客观指标] 某个名字使用人数的性别比例(相对比例) · NG = (N_男 - N_女) / (N_男 + N_女), 取值范围-1~1; 其中, -1表示女性化, 0表示中性化, 1表示男性化
含义效价(name valence, NV)⁵	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的积极程度的评价 · 评价单个汉字的含义(1 = 非常消极, 5 = 非常积极)
温暖维度(name warmth, NW)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的温暖属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“温暖”相关特征(热情、友好、正直、诚实、和善、公平、真诚、可靠、有道德)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有)
能力维度(name competence, NC)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的能力属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“能力”相关特征(能干、聪明、细心、高效、创新、灵巧、博学、坚韧、有智慧)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有)
认知流畅性(name fluency, NF)	[主观指标] 评分者对名字的认知加工流畅性的评价 · 评价一个名字(组合)容易识认或发音的程度(1 = 非常难以识认, 5 = 非常容易识认)

姓名维度(预测变量)	领域(结果变量)
姓名维度(预测变量)	决策	成就	健康	人格/个体差异
姓氏维度：
姓氏独特性	?职业决策	?职业成就	?生理健康	—
姓氏首字母顺序	? 职业决策	?职业成就 ? 学业成就	—	—
名字维度：
名字独特性	√ 职业决策	√ 职业成就 ? 学业成就	? 生理健康 √ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为	?人格特质 √ 心理需要
名字现代性	—	? 职业成就	—	—
名字性别倾向	?职业决策	√ 职业成就	√ 问题行为	? 人格特质
名字效价积极性	?职业决策	? 学业成就	√ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为	?人格特质
名字温暖-能力维度	—	—	√ 犯罪行为	—
名字认知流畅性	—	?职业成就	—	—
其他特征：
首字母拼写相似性	?职业决策 ?生活决策 √ 经济决策	? 职业成就	? 生理健康	—
首字母组合积极性	—	—	? 生理健康	—
语音学特征	—	? 职业成就	—	? 人格特质
整体(混合)特征	—	—	—	?面孔特征