组织行为学中的时间相关研究与未来方向

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00747

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绝大部分组织行为学研究都是从静态视角聚焦变量在一段时间内的整体平均水平, 而忽视了时间的角色, 如变量在一段时间内的动态变化特征。通过引入时间的角色, 从动态视角关注变量的动态变化特征并探讨其影响因素和结果, 可能为现有研究提供新的、突破性视角, 进而帮助拓展传统管理理论。鉴于其对理论发展的重要性, 近年来, 部分新近研究开始逐步关注时间的角色, 从动态视角探索变量的动态变化特征。然而, 整体来看, 这类研究仍相对较少, 且分散在不同的研究领域, 还未能形成结构化体系。基于此, 在将相关研究按照两个维度——变量的动态变化特征的类别(趋势 vs. 波动)与变量的动态变化特征的角色(自变量 vs. 因变量)分为四大类别后, 系统地回顾和梳理相关研究, 并厘清研究背后的理论机制。最后, 基于以上梳理分析, 未来研究可从关注变量的波动; 考察趋势、波动和整体平均水平等的交互作用等角度出发, 更加全面、系统地扩展组织行为学理论。

关键词: 时间, 动态, 组织行为学, 趋势, 波动

Abstract:

Time, is the basic element of personal life and work experience, everywhere. At present, most of the existing literature in the field of organizational behavior explores the relationship between variables from a static perspective, that is, mainly focuses on overall variable levels over a period of time. This is because these studies are based on a mainstream assumption, that is, the overall variable levels are relatively stable. While the role of time, such as the dynamic characteristics of variables over a period of time, has been largely neglected. This widely adopted static perspective that neglects the role of time keeps the existing theory of organizational behavior “static” to a certain extent.
Over time, whether and how the overall variable levels change, and how and when the variables that change over time have an effect, the exploration of these issues provides a new perspective on existing research, which in turn expands traditional management theories. As more and more recent studies in recent years have taken the role of time into consideration in the discussion of theoretical models, researchers have gradually discovered that paying attention to the dynamic characteristics of variables from a dynamic perspective can increase explanatory effectiveness than exploring the impact of overall variable levels. Based on this approach, the construction methods of traditional management theories, the relationship between variables, and even the propositions derived from traditional theories have also changed. Taking the role of time into consideration, that is, focusing on the dynamic characteristics of variables and exploring their antecedents and outcomes from a dynamic perspective, existing research can better “provide an ontologically accurate description of the nature of a phenomenon” (George & Jones, 2000, p. 658).
In line with this approach, in recent years, some scholars have begun to focus on the role of time and to explore the dynamic characteristics of variables. However, in general, this type of research is still quite rare and disorganized in different fields, and has not yet formed a structured system. Based on this, this review focused on the literature that has taken the role of time into consideration in recent years and explored the dynamic characteristics of variables over a period of time, in order to provide inspiration for future research. Specifically, this review selected two dimensions to sort out related research: the first of the dimensions being the type of dynamic characteristics of variables (i.e., trend vs. variability). The trend reflects the change trend of the variable over a period of time, including growth and decay. In research, the slope is often used as a measure. Variability reflects the degree of (in) stability a variable has over a period of time, which is often measured by standard deviation in research. The second of the dimensions being the role of dynamic characteristics of variables in the theoretical model (i.e., independent variable vs. dependent variable). That is, the researcher can use it as an independent variable to explore its outcomes, or use it as a dependent variable to explore its antecedents. Based on these two dimensions, this review divided the relevant research into four categories: (1) Trend is the independent variable; (2) Trend is the dependent variable; (3) Variability is the independent variable; (4) Variability is the dependent variable. Based on this categorization, this review systematically reviewed the related studies and the theories applied in them. Finally, based on the above analysis, suggestions for future research are provided by taking the role of time into consideration to expand the theory of organizational behavior more comprehensively and systematically, such as paying more attention to the variability of variables, investigating trends, interactions between fluctuations and overall average levels, focusing on time, duration and other important dynamic changes, from the perspective of characteristics, etc.

Key words: time, dynamic, organizational behavior, trend, variability

中图分类号:

B849:C93

董小炜, 秦昕, 陈晨, 黄鸣鹏, 邓惠如, 周汉森, 宋博迪. (2021). 组织行为学中的时间相关研究与未来方向. 心理科学进展 , 29(4), 747-760.

DONG Xiaowei, QIN Xin, CHEN Chen, HUANG Mingpeng, DENG Huiru, ZHOU Hansen, SONG Bodi. (2021). Time related research and future direction in organizational behavior field. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(4), 747-760.

图/表 3

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类别	文献数量	话题	自变量	因变量	文献
趋势是自变量	16	公平	公平感趋势	工作满意度、组织承诺、离职意向	Hausknecht et al. 2011
				工作满意度、情感性组织承诺	Kim et al. 2015
				职场帮助行为	Rubenstein et al. 2019
		领导力	苛责管理行为趋势	工作绩效、组织公民行为、越轨行为	Yu, 2017
			共享领导趋势	团队绩效趋势	Drescher et al. 2014
			领导-成员交换趋势	建言行为	Ng et al. 2014
		员工态度与知觉	工作满意度趋势	离职行为、离职意愿趋势	Chen et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2012
			情感承诺趋势、规范承诺趋势和持续承诺趋势	离职意愿趋势	Bentein et al. 2005
			心理资本趋势	领导评价绩效趋势、客观绩效趋势	Peterson et al. 2011
			团队关系冲突趋势	团队认同	Johnson & Avolio, 2019
			感知的领导组织嵌入感趋势	员工自身组织嵌入感趋势	Ng & Feldman, 2013
			主管支持感趋势	员工组织社会化	Jokisaari & Nurmi, 2009
			感知的组织威望趋势	组织认同感趋势	Zhu et al. 2017
		组织情境	工作复杂性趋势	员工压力趋势	Li et al. 2017
		组织情境	工作场所不文明行为趋势	职业倦怠、离职意愿	Taylor et al. 2017
趋势是因变量	11	公平	人格特质	公平感趋势	Konradt et al. 2016
		领导力	绩效	领导-成员交换水平趋势	Nahrgang et al. 2009
		领导力	自我感知的领导能力	领导身份认同趋势	Miscenko et al. 2017
		员工态度与知觉	与工作变动有关的因素、新来者的经验	工作满意度趋势	Boswell et al. 2009
			工作满意度水平	工作满意度趋势	Ritter et al. 2016
			人岗匹配度	工作满意度趋势、情感性组织承诺趋势	Kim et al. 2020
			职业转换类型	职业倦怠趋势	Dunford et al. 2012
			正念	工作恢复趋势	Hülshegeret al. 2014
			组织信任趋势、尊重感知趋势	自我效能感趋势	Ng & Lucianetti., 2016
			自我效能感趋势	想法的产生、传播和实施趋势	Ng & Lucianetti., 2016
			工作适应初始水平、文化经验、自我评估	工作适应程度趋势	Zhu et al. 2016
		组织情境	领导类型	公平感趋势、角色外行为趋势	Tremblay et al. 2018
波动是自变量	5	公平	公平波动	工作满意度、情绪耗竭	Matta et al. 2017
			人际公平波动	群体自豪感	Matta et al. 2020
			领导公平行为一致性	员工公平感	Qin, Ren, et al. 2018
		情绪劳动	表层动作波动	工作满意度、工作退缩	Scott et al. 2012
		领导力	苛责管理波动	工作绩效、组织公民行为、越轨行为	Yu, 2017
波动是因变量	4	公平	自我控制水平	公平波动	Matta et al. 2017
			对公平的态度	公平行为一致性	Qin, Ren, et al. 2018
			公平感	心率变异性	Herr et al. 2015
		情绪劳动	自我监控	表层动作波动	Scott et al. 2012

类别	文献数量	话题	自变量	因变量	文献
趋势是自变量	16	公平	公平感趋势	工作满意度、组织承诺、离职意向	Hausknecht et al. 2011
				工作满意度、情感性组织承诺	Kim et al. 2015
				职场帮助行为	Rubenstein et al. 2019
		领导力	苛责管理行为趋势	工作绩效、组织公民行为、越轨行为	Yu, 2017
			共享领导趋势	团队绩效趋势	Drescher et al. 2014
			领导-成员交换趋势	建言行为	Ng et al. 2014
		员工态度与知觉	工作满意度趋势	离职行为、离职意愿趋势	Chen et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2012
			情感承诺趋势、规范承诺趋势和持续承诺趋势	离职意愿趋势	Bentein et al. 2005
			心理资本趋势	领导评价绩效趋势、客观绩效趋势	Peterson et al. 2011
			团队关系冲突趋势	团队认同	Johnson & Avolio, 2019
			感知的领导组织嵌入感趋势	员工自身组织嵌入感趋势	Ng & Feldman, 2013
			主管支持感趋势	员工组织社会化	Jokisaari & Nurmi, 2009
			感知的组织威望趋势	组织认同感趋势	Zhu et al. 2017
		组织情境	工作复杂性趋势	员工压力趋势	Li et al. 2017
		组织情境	工作场所不文明行为趋势	职业倦怠、离职意愿	Taylor et al. 2017
趋势是因变量	11	公平	人格特质	公平感趋势	Konradt et al. 2016
		领导力	绩效	领导-成员交换水平趋势	Nahrgang et al. 2009
		领导力	自我感知的领导能力	领导身份认同趋势	Miscenko et al. 2017
		员工态度与知觉	与工作变动有关的因素、新来者的经验	工作满意度趋势	Boswell et al. 2009
			工作满意度水平	工作满意度趋势	Ritter et al. 2016
			人岗匹配度	工作满意度趋势、情感性组织承诺趋势	Kim et al. 2020
			职业转换类型	职业倦怠趋势	Dunford et al. 2012
			正念	工作恢复趋势	Hülshegeret al. 2014
			组织信任趋势、尊重感知趋势	自我效能感趋势	Ng & Lucianetti., 2016
			自我效能感趋势	想法的产生、传播和实施趋势	Ng & Lucianetti., 2016
			工作适应初始水平、文化经验、自我评估	工作适应程度趋势	Zhu et al. 2016
		组织情境	领导类型	公平感趋势、角色外行为趋势	Tremblay et al. 2018
波动是自变量	5	公平	公平波动	工作满意度、情绪耗竭	Matta et al. 2017
			人际公平波动	群体自豪感	Matta et al. 2020
			领导公平行为一致性	员工公平感	Qin, Ren, et al. 2018
		情绪劳动	表层动作波动	工作满意度、工作退缩	Scott et al. 2012
		领导力	苛责管理波动	工作绩效、组织公民行为、越轨行为	Yu, 2017
波动是因变量	4	公平	自我控制水平	公平波动	Matta et al. 2017
			对公平的态度	公平行为一致性	Qin, Ren, et al. 2018
			公平感	心率变异性	Herr et al. 2015
		情绪劳动	自我监控	表层动作波动	Scott et al. 2012

理论	研究使用数量
理论	趋势是自变量	趋势是因变量	波动是自变量	波动是因变量
格式塔特征理论	5
资源保存理论	3	2
前景理论	3	1
意义建构理论	3
个人螺旋理论	2
记忆重建理论		1
适应理论		1
不确定性管理理论			3
道德自我调节理论				1
情绪波动理论				1

理论	研究使用数量
理论	趋势是自变量	趋势是因变量	波动是自变量	波动是因变量
格式塔特征理论	5
资源保存理论	3	2
前景理论	3	1
意义建构理论	3
个人螺旋理论	2
记忆重建理论		1
适应理论		1
不确定性管理理论			3
道德自我调节理论				1
情绪波动理论				1