幸灾乐祸的重新审视和互动过程模型的构想

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00505

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

幸灾乐祸是人类普遍存在的一种社会情绪, 但却是一个远未研究透彻的领域。以往研究将幸灾乐祸视为一种不道德的情绪, 而现在越来越多的研究者认为其有一定的正向意义并循此展开研究。通过对国内外相关研究的全面梳理, 对幸灾乐祸的概念与测量方法的总结及对现有研究的整合, 构想了幸灾乐祸的互动过程模型。该模型的优势在于基于互动视角融合了互动双方(自身和他人)因素, 并基于过程视角明晰了幸灾乐祸乐祸发生的过程和发生后的变化。该模型指出今后研究者应关注幸灾乐祸前后事件的发生情境和情境中的多方互动, 并希冀对其他社会情绪研究具有一定启发意义。

关键词: 幸灾乐祸, 互动过程模型, 社会情绪

Abstract:

Schadenfreude is a social emotion involving feelings of satisfaction or joy arising from learning about other people’s misfortunes. Although it is regarded as universally prevalent there has been very little research about it. While it used to be posited immoral, recent scholars have considered it to be meaningful and have undertaken research about it. In this essay, Chinese and international studies were reviewed, concepts and measurements of Schadenfreude were summarized, and an interactive process model (IPM) was proposed. The strength of the model lies in that it integrated factors of both parties in interaction (the self and the others) based on an interactive perspective and it clarified the process of and the changes after the occurrence of Schadenfreude based on a process perspective. According to the model, researchers should pay attention to the contexts and interactions before and after the occurrence of Schadenfreude. The model may also assist our understanding of studies on other social emotions.

Key words: Schadenfreude, interactive process model, social emotion

中图分类号:

B849: C91

张衍, 王俊秀, 席居哲. (2021). 幸灾乐祸的重新审视和互动过程模型的构想. 心理科学进展 , 29(3), 505-519.

ZHANG Yan, WANG Junxiu, XI Juzhe. (2021). Reconsideration of Schadenfreude and a proposal of an interactive process model. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(3), 505-519.

图/表 3

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3个项目		4个项目		5个项目
Leach & Spears (2008)	开心、满意和幸灾乐祸	Brambilla & Riva (2017a)	开心、微笑、令人发笑、享受	van Dijk et al. (2006)	满意、喜欢, 微笑, 大笑, 幸灾乐祸
Schulz et al. (2013)	开心、搞笑和难过	Powell & Smith (2013)	令人发笑, 高兴, 微笑和满意
Berndsen & Feather (2016)	高兴、令人发笑和微笑	Leach et al. (2003)	满意、开心、松了口气、幸灾乐祸
Feather & Naim (2005)	开心、高兴和满意	Abell & Brewer (2018)	令人发笑、满意、高兴、同情的

3个项目		4个项目		5个项目
Leach & Spears (2008)	开心、满意和幸灾乐祸	Brambilla & Riva (2017a)	开心、微笑、令人发笑、享受	van Dijk et al. (2006)	满意、喜欢, 微笑, 大笑, 幸灾乐祸
Schulz et al. (2013)	开心、搞笑和难过	Powell & Smith (2013)	令人发笑, 高兴, 微笑和满意
Berndsen & Feather (2016)	高兴、令人发笑和微笑	Leach et al. (2003)	满意、开心、松了口气、幸灾乐祸
Feather & Naim (2005)	开心、高兴和满意	Abell & Brewer (2018)	令人发笑、满意、高兴、同情的

阶段	分类	影响因素
自我认同期	幸灾乐祸方的自身特征	性别
	幸灾乐祸方的自身特征	年龄
	幸灾乐祸方的自我认同	人格特质
		自我评价
		疾病与神经系统
联结期	对不幸方的前期认知评价	社会比较
		刻板印象
		前期之幸的应得性
	对不幸方的前期情绪	嫉妒
		厌恶类
		憎恨类
	人际或群际关系	人际或群际关系
	人际或群际关系	内群体认同
幸灾乐祸期	对后期不幸的认知评价	应得性
		合法性
		责任性
		故意性

阶段	分类	影响因素
自我认同期	幸灾乐祸方的自身特征	性别
	幸灾乐祸方的自身特征	年龄
	幸灾乐祸方的自我认同	人格特质
		自我评价
		疾病与神经系统
联结期	对不幸方的前期认知评价	社会比较
		刻板印象
		前期之幸的应得性
	对不幸方的前期情绪	嫉妒
		厌恶类
		憎恨类
	人际或群际关系	人际或群际关系
	人际或群际关系	内群体认同
幸灾乐祸期	对后期不幸的认知评价	应得性
		合法性
		责任性
		故意性