老年人心理韧性与幸福感的关系:一项元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00202

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用元分析方法探讨老年人心理韧性和幸福感之间的关系, 通过文献检索和筛选, 共有42篇中英文文献, 75个独立样本纳入元分析(N = 12856)。结果显示, 老年人心理韧性和幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感呈显著正相关关系, 与消极情感之间呈显著负相关关系; 两者之间的关系受心理韧性的测量工具、文化背景、文献质量、文献年份、样本量和样本人群年龄的影响。研究结果为心理韧性如何影响老年人幸福感提供了较为精确的估计, 对于提高老年人幸福感进而实现成功老化具有重要意义。

关键词: 老年人, 心理韧性, 幸福感, 元分析

Abstract:

As a key psychosocial resource, resilience can enhance the well-being of the elderly and thus promote successful aging. However, domestic and foreign studies show that, even if the same variable is selected as the predictors of well-being, the research results about the correlation coefficient of elders’ resilience and well-being are different. Since meta-analysis is a comprehensive analytical method for quantitative statistics of multiple research results that have the “same purpose” and are “independent of each other,” it can identify the moderators that influence changes in correlation coefficients among variables, thus providing insights into inconsistent and unexplored research results. Therefore, it is necessary to use the meta-analysis to explore why there is a large gap between the correlation coefficient of resilience and well-being of the elderly and the reasons for the large gap. Compared with children and adolescents, the self-awareness, cognitive ability, and sociality of the elderly tend to be stable due to the differences in the structure and performance of resilience among different age groups. Therefore, it is worth further demonstrating whether the results of the above two groups' resilience apply to the elderly. Secondly, the previous meta-analysis studies on the resilience of the elderly did not take into account the local context and only used the data from western countries. Whether the conclusions of the research apply to the Chinese context remains to be investigated. Finally, the previous meta-analysis did not take well-being as the outcome variable to explore the relationship between them. The actual relationship between resilience and well-being and what moderating factors influence the relationship could not be obtained. Is it true that older people with higher resilience will have a stronger sense of well-being? Therefore, this study adopts the method of meta-analysis, combined with empirical research results of domestic and foreign to avoid the single results caused by the error. It also thoroughly discusses the relationship between psychological resilience and the well-being of the elderly and its influencing factors, to improve the old well-being of achieving successful aging, which can provide a scientific basis for enriching the well-being theory. Specifically, this study conducted literature retrieval and screening by keyword search, subject search, and full-text search. There were 42 pieces of literature in Chinese and English, and 75 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis (N = 12,856). The results revealed significant positive relationships between elders’ resilience and their well-being, life satisfaction, positive emotions, and revealed a significant negative relationship between elders’ resilience and negative emotion. In addition, the relationships between resilience, well-being, satisfaction with life, positive emotions, and negative emotion were moderated by resilience measurements, cultural background, literature quality, year of the literature, sample size, and age of the sample. The results provided not only more accurate estimates for predicting elders’ well-being by resilience, but also insights for future research of successful aging.

Key words: elders, resilience, well-being, meta-analysis

中图分类号:

B844

叶静, 张戌凡. (2021). 老年人心理韧性与幸福感的关系:一项元分析. 心理科学进展 , 29(2), 202-217.

YE Jing, ZHANG Xufan. (2021). Relationship between resilience and well-being in elders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(2), 202-217.

图/表 9

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测量取向	作者	量表	维度	测量内容
生活质量取向	Neugarten等 (1961)	生活满意度指数 (Life Satisfaction Index)	生活热情, 毅力, 所达到目标与期望目标的一致程度, 身体、心理、社会方面良好的自我概念, 愉快乐观的心理品质	比较现在与过去的生活情况, 自己和其他人的生活情况
	Cantril (1961)	自我标定量表 (Self-anchoring Striving Scales)	用11个台阶的阶梯来衡量个体生活经历, 10代表最好, 0代表最差	要求人们按照自己的评价标准, 对现在、过去、以及预期未来的生活满意程度做出等级评价
	Diener等 (1985)	生活满意度量表 (The Satisfaction With Life Scale)	生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感	评估个体对生活满意度的整体判断
心理健康取向	Derogatis等 (1973)	症状自评量表 (Symptom Checklist 90)	躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执及精神病性	从感觉、情感、思维、意识、行为、生活习惯、人际关系、饮食睡眠等评定一个人是否有某种心理症状及其严重程度如何
	Bradburn (1969)	情感平衡量表 (Affect Balance Scale)	积极情感、消极情感	评估个人近期的积极情感和消极情感, 并对其情感状态做出判断
	Lawton (1975)	费城老年医学中心信心量表 (The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale)	激越、不满足、对自己年龄的态度	从多维度出发评估老年人对当前生活的信心
	Watson等 (1988)	积极与消极情感量表 (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)	消极情绪、积极情绪	评估一天中经历的一系列情绪状况
	Kozma和 Stones (1980)	纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表 (Memorial University of Newfoudland Scale of Happiness)	正性情感、负性情感、正性体验、负性体验	结合短期情感反映和长期情感体验把握被试者的幸福感

测量取向	作者	量表	维度	测量内容
生活质量取向	Neugarten等 (1961)	生活满意度指数 (Life Satisfaction Index)	生活热情, 毅力, 所达到目标与期望目标的一致程度, 身体、心理、社会方面良好的自我概念, 愉快乐观的心理品质	比较现在与过去的生活情况, 自己和其他人的生活情况
	Cantril (1961)	自我标定量表 (Self-anchoring Striving Scales)	用11个台阶的阶梯来衡量个体生活经历, 10代表最好, 0代表最差	要求人们按照自己的评价标准, 对现在、过去、以及预期未来的生活满意程度做出等级评价
	Diener等 (1985)	生活满意度量表 (The Satisfaction With Life Scale)	生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感	评估个体对生活满意度的整体判断
心理健康取向	Derogatis等 (1973)	症状自评量表 (Symptom Checklist 90)	躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执及精神病性	从感觉、情感、思维、意识、行为、生活习惯、人际关系、饮食睡眠等评定一个人是否有某种心理症状及其严重程度如何
	Bradburn (1969)	情感平衡量表 (Affect Balance Scale)	积极情感、消极情感	评估个人近期的积极情感和消极情感, 并对其情感状态做出判断
	Lawton (1975)	费城老年医学中心信心量表 (The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale)	激越、不满足、对自己年龄的态度	从多维度出发评估老年人对当前生活的信心
	Watson等 (1988)	积极与消极情感量表 (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)	消极情绪、积极情绪	评估一天中经历的一系列情绪状况
	Kozma和 Stones (1980)	纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表 (Memorial University of Newfoudland Scale of Happiness)	正性情感、负性情感、正性体验、负性体验	结合短期情感反映和长期情感体验把握被试者的幸福感

测量取向	作者	量表	维度	测量内容
个人特质视角	Connor和Davidson (2003)	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (康纳-戴维森量表)	个体能力、忍受消极情感、接受变化、控制感和精神信仰	衡量个体应对压力的能力
	Campbell-Sills和Stein (2007)	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (简短版康纳-戴维森量表)	单维度	衡量个体应对压力的能力
	Smith等(2008)	The Brief Resilience Scale (简洁韧性量表)	单维度	测量个体如何从压力中恢复
	Bartone (1989, 1991, 1995, 2007)	The Dispositional Resilience Scale 1、2、3 (韧性素质量表)	个人的承诺、控制和挑战能力	测量个体的耐受力
	Block和Kremen (1996)	The Ego-Resiliency Scale (自我韧性量表)	自信乐观、自主性、洞察力、热情、表达能力	评估心理韧性的组成成分
	Hurtes和Allen (2001)	The Resiliency Attitudes and Skills Profile (韧性态度和技能结构量表)	洞察力、独立性、创造力、幽默、主动性、关系、价值观取向	衡量青年在娱乐和提供干预的其他社会服务方面的复原力态度
	Wagnild和 Young (1993)	The Resilience Scale (心理韧性量表)	镇静、坚持、自信、自在感、有意义的生活体验	识别个体的适应力程度, 即个人对自我和生活的接受能力
	Windle等(2008)	Psychological Resilience (心理韧性量表)	自尊、个人能力和人际控制	评估心理韧性在个体应对风险和逆境时起到的保护作用
	Klohnen (1996)	Ego Resiliency 1 (自我韧性量表1)	自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力	评估自我韧性的组成部分
	Bromley等(2006)	Ego Resiliency 2 (自我韧性量表2)	自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力	评估自我韧性的组成部分
过程视角	Ungar等(2008)	The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (儿童与青少年心理韧性量表)	个体、社区、关系、文化	制定与文化背景相关的青少年韧性衡量标准
	Hjemdal等(2006a)	Resilience Scale for Adolescent (青少年心理韧性量表)	个人能力、社会能力、结构风格、家庭凝聚力、社会资源	评估具有较高心理韧性的个体所展现的特征
	Sun和Stewart (2007)	California healthy Kids Survey--The Resilience Scale of the Student (加州健康儿童调查量表)	沟通与合作、自尊、移情、解决问题、目标和愿望、家庭联系、学校联系、社区联系、自治经验、亲社会同龄人、有意义地参与社区活动、同伴支持	评估学生对其个人特征及来自家庭、同伴、学校和社区的保护资源的看法
	Oshio等(2003)	Adolescent Resilience Scale (青少年心理韧性量表)	求新、情绪调节、积极的未来取向	测量韧性日本青年的心理特征
	Donnon和Hammond (2003, 2007a)	Youth Resiliency: Assessing Developmental Strengths (青少年心理韧性:发展优势评估问卷)	父母支持、同伴关系、社区凝聚力、学习信仰、学校文化、文化敏感度、自我控制、激励自主、自我概念、社会敏感度	检查保护因素, 内在和外在发展优势
	Friborg等(2003, 2005)	The Resilience Scale for Adults (成人心理弹性量表)	个人能力、社会能力、家庭凝聚力、社会支持、个人结构	确定具有较高韧性的个体所表现出的关键特征,并检查有助于个体适应心理社会逆境的个人和人际保护因素

测量取向	作者	量表	维度	测量内容
个人特质视角	Connor和Davidson (2003)	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (康纳-戴维森量表)	个体能力、忍受消极情感、接受变化、控制感和精神信仰	衡量个体应对压力的能力
	Campbell-Sills和Stein (2007)	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (简短版康纳-戴维森量表)	单维度	衡量个体应对压力的能力
	Smith等(2008)	The Brief Resilience Scale (简洁韧性量表)	单维度	测量个体如何从压力中恢复
	Bartone (1989, 1991, 1995, 2007)	The Dispositional Resilience Scale 1、2、3 (韧性素质量表)	个人的承诺、控制和挑战能力	测量个体的耐受力
	Block和Kremen (1996)	The Ego-Resiliency Scale (自我韧性量表)	自信乐观、自主性、洞察力、热情、表达能力	评估心理韧性的组成成分
	Hurtes和Allen (2001)	The Resiliency Attitudes and Skills Profile (韧性态度和技能结构量表)	洞察力、独立性、创造力、幽默、主动性、关系、价值观取向	衡量青年在娱乐和提供干预的其他社会服务方面的复原力态度
	Wagnild和 Young (1993)	The Resilience Scale (心理韧性量表)	镇静、坚持、自信、自在感、有意义的生活体验	识别个体的适应力程度, 即个人对自我和生活的接受能力
	Windle等(2008)	Psychological Resilience (心理韧性量表)	自尊、个人能力和人际控制	评估心理韧性在个体应对风险和逆境时起到的保护作用
	Klohnen (1996)	Ego Resiliency 1 (自我韧性量表1)	自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力	评估自我韧性的组成部分
	Bromley等(2006)	Ego Resiliency 2 (自我韧性量表2)	自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力	评估自我韧性的组成部分
过程视角	Ungar等(2008)	The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (儿童与青少年心理韧性量表)	个体、社区、关系、文化	制定与文化背景相关的青少年韧性衡量标准
	Hjemdal等(2006a)	Resilience Scale for Adolescent (青少年心理韧性量表)	个人能力、社会能力、结构风格、家庭凝聚力、社会资源	评估具有较高心理韧性的个体所展现的特征
	Sun和Stewart (2007)	California healthy Kids Survey--The Resilience Scale of the Student (加州健康儿童调查量表)	沟通与合作、自尊、移情、解决问题、目标和愿望、家庭联系、学校联系、社区联系、自治经验、亲社会同龄人、有意义地参与社区活动、同伴支持	评估学生对其个人特征及来自家庭、同伴、学校和社区的保护资源的看法
	Oshio等(2003)	Adolescent Resilience Scale (青少年心理韧性量表)	求新、情绪调节、积极的未来取向	测量韧性日本青年的心理特征
	Donnon和Hammond (2003, 2007a)	Youth Resiliency: Assessing Developmental Strengths (青少年心理韧性:发展优势评估问卷)	父母支持、同伴关系、社区凝聚力、学习信仰、学校文化、文化敏感度、自我控制、激励自主、自我概念、社会敏感度	检查保护因素, 内在和外在发展优势
	Friborg等(2003, 2005)	The Resilience Scale for Adults (成人心理弹性量表)	个人能力、社会能力、家庭凝聚力、社会支持、个人结构	确定具有较高韧性的个体所表现出的关键特征,并检查有助于个体适应心理社会逆境的个人和人际保护因素

第一作者 (发表时间)	样本量	心理韧性测量工具	文化背景	结果变量	相关系数	文献质量	样本人群年龄
江虹, 2017	622	CD-RISC	E	SWB	0.389	11	未报告
高峰剑, 2017	240	CD-RISC	E	NE & SWB	-0.260 & 0.350	12	73
张杰, 2016	203	CD-RISC	E	NE & NE & SWB	-0.415 & -0.551 & 0.540	10	69.92
廖红, 2019	328	CD-RISC	E	LS	0.354	10	未报告
陈历赛, 2019	80	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.855 & -0.868	9	未报告
曲孝原, 2015	240	CD-RISC	E	LS & NE	0.42 & -0.26	9	73.45
陈小菊, 2019	281	CD-RISC	E	LS	0.606	10	未报告
张阔, 2013	297	ERS	E	NE	-0.46	7	未报告
张秉楠, 2011	297	ERS	E	NE	-0.34	12	未报告
吴胜涛, 2009	70	CD-RISC	E	LS & NE	0.34 & -0.21	10	65.06
刘太芳, 2019	518	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.47	10	未报告
卢灿杰, 2016	240	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.425	12	69.13
孙静, 2015	224	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.373	10	69
郭薇, 2017	275	PPQ	E	SWB	0.261	10	77.25
刘连龙, 2015	942	PPQ	E	PE	0.495	10	76.11
刘连龙, 2014	207	PPQ	E	SWB	0.38	10	70.5
张金凤, 2015	258	CD-RISC	E	LS	0.49	12	69
张海苗, 2018	205	RS	E	NE	-0.346	7	未报告
姚若松, 2016	390	RS	E	PE	0.58	12	未报告
陈璟, 2016	178	SRQS	E	PE	0.532	12	未报告
张文哲, 2018	485	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.393	9	未报告
庞芳芳, 2019	511	CD-RISC	E	NE	-0.466	12	73.56
董环, 2019	161	CD-RISC	E	SWB	0.52	12	未报告
赵霞, 2019	323	CD-RISC	E	NE & NE	-0.496 & -0.496	12	78.62
蒋怀斌, 2015	228	RS	E	PE	0.56	10	67.80
袁飞, 2019	302	Other	E	PE	0.55	10	未报告
Li Jinhui, 2015	162	RAS	E	NE	-0.46	11	72.19
Zhang Jinfeng, 2018	205	CD-RISC	E	NE & SWB & NE	-0.34 & 0.36 & -0.36	12	65.52
Zhong Xue, 2016	439	CD-RISC	E	NE & NE	-0.229 & -0.309	12	69.08
Zhang Jinfeng, 2017a	258	CD-RISC	E	LS & LS & LS	0.61 & 0.68 & 0.41	12	68.15
Byun, 2016	262	RS	E	PE	0.614	12	77.22
Mohseni, 2019	282	CD-RISC	E	PE	0.38	9	67.3
Maercker, 2016-a	74	Other	W	LS & NE	0.16 & -0.29	12	80
Maercker, 2016-b	74	Other	W	LS & NE	0.25 & -0.37	12	80
Maercker, 2016-c	74	Other	W	LS & NE	-0.29 & 0.39	12	80
Maercker., 2016-d	74	Other	W	LS & NE	0.32 & -0.38	12	80
de Paula Couto, 2011	111	RS	W	SWB	0.34	11	68.63
Windle, 2010-a	535	PR	W	LS	0.48	12	未报告
Windle, 2010-b	673	PR	W	LS	0.49	12	未报告
第一作者 (发表时间)	样本量	心理韧性测量工具	文化背景	结果变量	相关系数	文献质量	样本人群年龄
Windle, 2010-c	474	PR	W	LS	0.49	12	未报告
Windle, 2010-d	165	PR	W	LS	0.46	12	未报告
Ong, 2006-a	27	ERS	W	PE & NE	0.41 & -0.11	11	72.09
Ong, 2006-b	27	DRS	W	PE & NE	0.37 & -0.09	12	75.5
Ong, 2006-c	27	DRS	W	PE & NE	0.41 & -0.34	12	71.94
Ong, 2010	95	ERS	W	PE & NE	0.41 & -0.27	11	76.3
Robottoma, 2012	299	RS	W	NE & NE	-0.339 & -0.493	11	66.30
Rossi, 2007	55	DRS	W	LS	0.43	11	71.45
Wagnild, 1993	810	RS	W	LS & SWB & NE	0.3 & 0.28 & -0.37	12	71.10
Pinson, 2010	106	CD-RISC	W	NE	-0.57	12	72
Fullen, 2018	200	BRS	W	PE & LS & PE	0.368 & 0.355 & 0.438	11	73.720