为什么信息超载损害决策?基于有限认知资源的解释

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01758

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

信息超载是指需要处理的信息量大于信息加工的能力。信息超载会降低决策质量, 延长决策时间, 降低决策满意度, 引起慢性压力。信息超载损害决策的机制可以从有限的注意力资源和工作记忆资源来解释。在信息超载条件下, 一方面用于过滤和控制信息的注意力资源总量被快速消耗, 注意力资源的分配和利用受到无关信息的干扰, 信息得不到高效加工; 另一方面负责保持和加工信息的工作记忆在限定时间内不能充分加工海量信息, 进而损害决策绩效。未来可以运用眼动赋权法探索信息超载下的信息加工模式; 发展意识思维和无意识思维的动态耦合模型指导个体减轻信息超载; 探索运用智能代理和交互记忆系统缓解组织中的信息超载。

关键词: 信息超载, 信息加工过程, 注意力资源理论, 认知负荷理论, 无意识思维

Abstract:

Information overload occurs when the current information processing requirements exceed information processing capacities. Information overload can impair the quality of decisions, prolong decision-making time, reduce decision satisfaction, and cause chronic stress. The attentional resources theory and limited working memory capacity can be used to explain why information overload damages decisions. Attention resources for filtering and managing information are consumed quickly under information overload and the allocation and utilization of attention resources can be disrupted by irrelevant information, which causes the efficiency of information processing to be reduced. Moreover, the available working memory for information processing can't process massive amounts of information in a limited time. As a result, decision performance is damaged by information overload. Future research should further explore the information processing model under information overload, the eye movement empowerment method allows us to examine attention resource usage under information overload. A dynamic coupling model of conscious and unconscious thought is required to provide a method to guide individuals to alleviate information overload. Additionally, intelligent agents and interactive memory systems should be investigated to find their potential roles in alleviating information overload within larger organizations.

Key words: information overload, information processing, attentional resources theory, cognitive load theory, unconscious thought

中图分类号:

B849:C91

车敬上, 孙海龙, 肖晨洁, 李爱梅. (2019). 为什么信息超载损害决策?基于有限认知资源的解释. 心理科学进展 , 27(10), 1758-1768.

CHE Jingshang, SUN Hailong, XIAO Chenjie, LI Aimei. (2019). Why information overload damages decisions? An explanation based on limited cognitive resources. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(10), 1758-1768.

图/表 4

图1 信息量与决策绩效的倒U形关系示意图 (资料来源：根据Roetzel (2018)文章整理)

图2 注意力资源的蓄电池模型

图3 工作记忆负荷的榨汁机模型

图4 意识思维与无意识思维的动态耦合模型

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