睡眠对婴幼儿学习的记忆巩固作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00287

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

睡眠依赖性记忆巩固指在睡眠期间, 大脑对新学习的信息或技能进行重新处理和加强, 从而使记忆更加稳定和持久的过程。睡眠在将新习得的信息巩固到稳定的长时记忆的过程中发挥了重要的作用。记忆类型不同, 睡眠依赖性记忆巩固的作用也有所不同。同时, 睡眠的不同阶段和特征对不同类型记忆巩固的影响也有差异。在成人研究的基础上, 近年的婴幼儿研究发现, 即使在个体发展的早期阶段, 睡眠也具有记忆巩固的重要作用。在学习后经历睡眠的婴幼儿与那些没有经历睡眠的控制组相比, 学习效果显著提高、可以更好更快地解决问题。婴幼儿在睡眠时, 海马、内侧颞叶等与记忆有关的脑区会显著激活, 睡眠纺锤波、慢波等脑电特征与婴幼儿记忆巩固效果相关。从陈述性记忆和程序性记忆两种不同的记忆类型入手, 介绍婴幼儿睡眠依赖性记忆巩固的行为和脑研究的进展, 帮助掌握睡眠对婴幼儿学习的记忆巩固作用。

关键词: 婴幼儿, 睡眠, 记忆巩固, 睡眠慢波, 睡眠纺锤波

Abstract:

Sleep-dependent memory consolidation refers to the process during sleep in which the brain reprocesses and reinforces newly acquired information or skills, thereby enhancing the stability and longevity of memories. Sleep plays a pivotal role in consolidating recently acquired knowledge into enduring long-term memories. The influence of sleep-dependent memory consolidation varies depending on the type of memory, with different stages and characteristics of sleep exerting distinct effects on various memory processes.

Given the significant differences in sleep structure and physiological mechanisms between infants and adults, it is imperative not to extrapolate findings from adult studies directly to infants and toddlers. Additionally, owing to the remarkable neuroplasticity of the infant brain and its unique sleep patterns, investigating the impact of sleep on memory consolidation in infants can significantly deepen our comprehension of the neural mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

Building upon adult research, we present a synthesis of recent studies focusing on infants and toddlers, highlighting the critical role of sleep in memory consolidation during early development. Infants and toddlers who nap or sleep after learning consistently exhibit superior memory retention and enhanced problem-solving abilities compared to those who remain awake. During sleep, brain regions associated with memory, such as the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe, demonstrate significant activation. Distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) features, such as sleep spindles and slow waves, correlate with memory consolidation in infants and toddlers.

This paper addresses two primary forms of memory: declarative memory and procedural memory, shedding light on the impact of sleep-dependent memory consolidation in infants. In the realm of declarative memory, sleep enhances the quantity and accuracy of various episodic memory components, encompassing cartoon faces, toy manipulation, spatial locations, and chronological sequences. Moreover, distinct sleep features, such as sleep spindles and slow waves, make unique contributions to different episodic memories. Sleep also fosters selective memory consolidation, knowledge transfer, and the activation of memory-related brain regions, including the hippocampus, in infants and young children. These findings furnish valuable insights into the neural mechanisms governing sleep's role in early episodic memory development.

Regarding procedural memory, though limited studies exist on the relationship between infant sleep and procedural memory consolidation, some evidence suggests a positive influence of sleep on infant procedural memory. Future research should explore the interplay between sleep and motor skill development in infants, with particular emphasis on the role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, as adult studies underscore its significance in procedural memory consolidation.

Despite the progress in this field, several unresolved questions persist. Future research should aim to address whether sleep exerts a memory-consolidating effect on newborns, elucidate the distinctions between sleep-dependent memory consolidation in infants and adults, systematically investigate the impact of sleep on infants' social and language learning, and discern how different sleep types, durations, and timings in infants and young children contribute to memory consolidation.

Key words: infants and toddlers, sleep, memory consolidation, sleep slow waves, sleep spindles

中图分类号:

B844
B845

彭芝琳, 郑若颖, 胡晓晴, 张丹丹. (2024). 睡眠对婴幼儿学习的记忆巩固作用. 心理科学进展 , 32(2), 287-299.

PENG Zhilin, ZHENG Ruoying, HU Xiaoqing, ZHANG Dandan. (2024). The role of sleep in consolidating memory of learning in infants and toddlers. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(2), 287-299.

图/表 2

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论文信息	设计类型及样本量	被试年龄	实验任务	记忆测试时间	睡眠类型	主要发现
Axelsson et al., First Language, 2018	混合设计, 40	2.5岁	快速映射	即时、4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Axelsson et al., Brain Sciences, 2021	混合设计, 40	2.5岁	快速映射	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Friedrich et al., Nature Communications, 2015	混合设计, 90	16、19月	物体−类别	1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组出现N400、N200-500
Friedrich et al., Current Biology, 2017	混合设计, 107	6~8月	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	浅睡组出现晚期正成分、深睡组出现N400
Friedrich et al., Nature Communications, 2020	混合设计, 60	14~17月	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组N400消失, 出现FTMR
Gómez et al., Psychological Science, 2006	混合设计, 48	15月	习惯化−转头偏好	4小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<控制组<清醒组
Hupbach et al., Developmental Science, 2009	组内设计, 两个实验各24	15月	习惯化−转头偏好	24小时延迟	实验1：白天小睡, 实验2：夜间睡眠	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Journal of Sleep Research, 2015	混合设计, 31	16月	跨模态注视偏好	即时、2小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Sleep, 2016	混合设计, 28	16月	跨模态注视偏好	即时、1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Developmental Science, 2018	组间设计, 45	3月	视觉配对比较	1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间:睡眠组<清醒组
Johnson et al., Current Biology, 2021	组内设计, 28	2岁	目标记忆重激活	即时、一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	左侧海马、左侧前内侧颞叶激活：目标单词>新异单词
Kurdziel et al., PANS, 2013	混合设计, 40	3~6岁	视觉空间学习	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Konrad et al., Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2016	混合设计, 60	12月	延迟模仿	4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Konrad et al., Developmental Psychobiology, 2016	混合设计, 48	12月	延迟模仿	4小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Konrad et al., Journal of Sleep Research, 2019	混合设计, 96	15、24月	延迟模仿	24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	无关动作回忆正确率：基线组<睡眠组<清醒组
Lokhandwala & Spencer, Developmental Science, 2021	混合设计, 22	3~6岁	卡通图片序列记忆	即时、4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Mooney et al., Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2021	组内设计, 48	2岁	目标记忆重激活	一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	右侧海马激活：目标歌曲>新异歌曲
Prabhakar et al., PNAS, 2018	组内设计, 22	2岁	目标记忆重激活	一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	双侧海马激活：目标歌曲>新异歌曲
Seehagen et al., PNAS, 2015	组间设计, 实验1和2为120和96	6、12月	延迟模仿	实验1：4小时延迟; 实验2：24小时延迟	实验1：白天小睡, 实验2：夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Simon et al., Brain Language, 2017	混合设计, 37	6.5月	习惯化−转头偏好	1小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<控制组<清醒组
Spanò et al. PNAS, 2018	混合设计, 50	1~4岁	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组N400消失, 出现FTMR
Williams & Horst, Frontiers in Psychology, 2014	混合设计, 48	3岁	故事阅读	即时、2.5小时延迟、24小时延迟、一周后延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组

论文信息	设计类型及样本量	被试年龄	实验任务	记忆测试时间	睡眠类型	主要发现
Axelsson et al., First Language, 2018	混合设计, 40	2.5岁	快速映射	即时、4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Axelsson et al., Brain Sciences, 2021	混合设计, 40	2.5岁	快速映射	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Friedrich et al., Nature Communications, 2015	混合设计, 90	16、19月	物体−类别	1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组出现N400、N200-500
Friedrich et al., Current Biology, 2017	混合设计, 107	6~8月	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	浅睡组出现晚期正成分、深睡组出现N400
Friedrich et al., Nature Communications, 2020	混合设计, 60	14~17月	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组N400消失, 出现FTMR
Gómez et al., Psychological Science, 2006	混合设计, 48	15月	习惯化−转头偏好	4小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<控制组<清醒组
Hupbach et al., Developmental Science, 2009	组内设计, 两个实验各24	15月	习惯化−转头偏好	24小时延迟	实验1：白天小睡, 实验2：夜间睡眠	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Journal of Sleep Research, 2015	混合设计, 31	16月	跨模态注视偏好	即时、2小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Sleep, 2016	混合设计, 28	16月	跨模态注视偏好	即时、1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<清醒组
Horváth et al., Developmental Science, 2018	组间设计, 45	3月	视觉配对比较	1.5小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间:睡眠组<清醒组
Johnson et al., Current Biology, 2021	组内设计, 28	2岁	目标记忆重激活	即时、一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	左侧海马、左侧前内侧颞叶激活：目标单词>新异单词
Kurdziel et al., PANS, 2013	混合设计, 40	3~6岁	视觉空间学习	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Konrad et al., Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2016	混合设计, 60	12月	延迟模仿	4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Konrad et al., Developmental Psychobiology, 2016	混合设计, 48	12月	延迟模仿	4小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Konrad et al., Journal of Sleep Research, 2019	混合设计, 96	15、24月	延迟模仿	24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	无关动作回忆正确率：基线组<睡眠组<清醒组
Lokhandwala & Spencer, Developmental Science, 2021	混合设计, 22	3~6岁	卡通图片序列记忆	即时、4小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组
Mooney et al., Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2021	组内设计, 48	2岁	目标记忆重激活	一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	右侧海马激活：目标歌曲>新异歌曲
Prabhakar et al., PNAS, 2018	组内设计, 22	2岁	目标记忆重激活	一周后延迟	夜间睡眠	双侧海马激活：目标歌曲>新异歌曲
Seehagen et al., PNAS, 2015	组间设计, 实验1和2为120和96	6、12月	延迟模仿	实验1：4小时延迟; 实验2：24小时延迟	实验1：白天小睡, 实验2：夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组>基线组
Simon et al., Brain Language, 2017	混合设计, 37	6.5月	习惯化−转头偏好	1小时延迟	白天小睡	注视时间：睡眠组<控制组<清醒组
Spanò et al. PNAS, 2018	混合设计, 50	1~4岁	物体−类别	1小时延迟	白天小睡	睡眠组N400消失, 出现FTMR
Williams & Horst, Frontiers in Psychology, 2014	混合设计, 48	3岁	故事阅读	即时、2.5小时延迟、24小时延迟、一周后延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组

论文信息	设计类型及样本量	被试年龄	实验任务	记忆测试时间	睡眠类型	主要发现
Berger & Scher, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2017	混合设计, 28	9~16月	隧道任务	即时、6小时延迟	白天小睡	提示数量：睡眠组<清醒组
Csábi et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2016	混合设计, 32	8~11岁	序列反应时	即时、12小时延迟	夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组; 反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
DeMasi et al., Infant Behavior & Development, 2021	混合设计, 29	10~19月	隧道任务	6小时延迟	白天小睡	提示数量：立即小睡组<延迟小睡组; 姿势切换数量：立即小睡组<延迟小睡组
DeMasi et al., Infancy, 2023	被试间设计, 78	10~19月	无	无	夜间睡眠	不规律的运动数量：高行走经验组>低行走经验组
Desrochers et al., Experimental Brain Research, 2016	混合设计, 36	3~6岁	序列反应时	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
Fagen & Rovee-Collier, Science, 1983	被试内设计, 16	3月	踢腿任务	连续两周	夜间睡眠	踢腿率与睡眠时间呈正相关
Gibson et al., Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2011	被试内设计, 52	12月	无	连续一周	夜间睡眠	夜间睡眠效率与解决问题技能和精细运动能力呈正相关
Wilhelm et al., Developmental Science, 2012	混合设计, 35	4~6岁	序列反应时	30分钟延迟、2小时延迟	白天小睡	反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
Satomaa et al., Sleep, 2020	混合设计, 36	8月	无	无	夜间睡眠	左侧额叶和枕叶的睡眠慢波与精细运动能力呈正相关
Page et al., Sleep, 2018	混合设计, 36	12~30月	无	无	夜间睡眠	精细运动能力与theta节律呈正相关, 与delta节律呈负相关

论文信息	设计类型及样本量	被试年龄	实验任务	记忆测试时间	睡眠类型	主要发现
Berger & Scher, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2017	混合设计, 28	9~16月	隧道任务	即时、6小时延迟	白天小睡	提示数量：睡眠组<清醒组
Csábi et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2016	混合设计, 32	8~11岁	序列反应时	即时、12小时延迟	夜间睡眠	回忆正确率：睡眠组>清醒组; 反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
DeMasi et al., Infant Behavior & Development, 2021	混合设计, 29	10~19月	隧道任务	6小时延迟	白天小睡	提示数量：立即小睡组<延迟小睡组; 姿势切换数量：立即小睡组<延迟小睡组
DeMasi et al., Infancy, 2023	被试间设计, 78	10~19月	无	无	夜间睡眠	不规律的运动数量：高行走经验组>低行走经验组
Desrochers et al., Experimental Brain Research, 2016	混合设计, 36	3~6岁	序列反应时	即时、5小时延迟、24小时延迟	白天小睡、夜间睡眠	反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
Fagen & Rovee-Collier, Science, 1983	被试内设计, 16	3月	踢腿任务	连续两周	夜间睡眠	踢腿率与睡眠时间呈正相关
Gibson et al., Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2011	被试内设计, 52	12月	无	连续一周	夜间睡眠	夜间睡眠效率与解决问题技能和精细运动能力呈正相关
Wilhelm et al., Developmental Science, 2012	混合设计, 35	4~6岁	序列反应时	30分钟延迟、2小时延迟	白天小睡	反应时：睡眠组<清醒组
Satomaa et al., Sleep, 2020	混合设计, 36	8月	无	无	夜间睡眠	左侧额叶和枕叶的睡眠慢波与精细运动能力呈正相关
Page et al., Sleep, 2018	混合设计, 36	12~30月	无	无	夜间睡眠	精细运动能力与theta节律呈正相关, 与delta节律呈负相关