心理科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (7): 1511-1523.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01511
收稿日期:
2021-06-18
出版日期:
2022-07-15
发布日期:
2022-05-17
通讯作者:
蒋晓鸣,周晓林
E-mail:xiaoming.jiang@shisu.edu.cn;xz104@pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
YANG Qi1, JIANG Xiaoming2(), ZHOU Xiaolin2()
Received:
2021-06-18
Online:
2022-07-15
Published:
2022-05-17
Contact:
JIANG Xiaoming,ZHOU Xiaolin
E-mail:xiaoming.jiang@shisu.edu.cn;xz104@pku.edu.cn
摘要:
预设是指以交际双方的共同背景(共享的知识或信念)为前提的、听话者根据特定语言标记(触发标记)及其限定的对象(计算内容)而推理出的非外显意义。例如,“张明又触发标记发表了论文计算内容”引发了“张明之前发表过论文”的预设推论。理解者依赖触发标记通达交际双方的共同背景,并在计算内容上生成完整的预设;随后,理解者连接生成的预设和共同背景,更新两者之间的关系。这些认知过程可能会受到语言中语序灵活性的调节;虽然语序的灵活性并不能改变触发标记在预设生成中的核心地位,但会影响预设加工的难度。研究者将预设理解视为一种得体性加工,并根据生成的预设和共同背景是否一致,将得体性分为预设满足和预设违反两类。前者是指理解者生成的预设与共同背景一致,后者是指理解者生成的预设与共同背景不一致。根据理解者是否能够合理化违反预设的语句,研究者进一步将预设违反加工分为预设失败和预设调补。预设失败指的是,理解者无法将不一致的预设内容合理化,更不能将之整合至已有的心理表征中。预设调补是指,不一致的预设内容可以重新合理化,或通过更新原来的心理表征来建构新的意义模型。
研究发现,共同背景能即时影响触发标记和计算内容加工。基于以前的实验证据,我们提出了语境影响预设理解的两阶段认知过程假说。具体而言,理解者在触发标记上,将共同背景与触发标记的语义信息进行整合,而在计算内容上,将具体的预设内容与共同背景进行整合。理解者在触发标记和计算内容加工上的认知过程可能有所不同。预设加工的不同阶段可能会受到触发标记范畴、共同背景与预设的关联程度、共同背景类型、以及理解者参与动机的影响。理解者在整合共同背景和预设内容时,并不是对两者是否匹配作简单判断,而是根据两者之间的关联程度来进行精细的加工。因此,理解者整合两者的难度可能会受到具体匹配程度的影响。理解者可以通过语言共现(即给理解者呈现的语言材料)、视觉共现(即给理解者呈现的视觉场景)、一般性的世界知识/社群关系(即通过社群形成的共识)等三种方式,来建立交际双方的共同背景。在不同的实验范式下,例如阅读范式和人际互动范式,理解者的参与动机可能有所不同,影响预设推理的结果或预设加工的深度。
我们提出,未来研究可以从三个角度进一步探讨预设加工的认知基础:(1)采用计算建模的方法,量化交际互动中听话者理解预设的过程、以及其他过程的影响(如听话者的观点采择);(2)采用脑成像技术,揭示预设加工过程的神经基础;(3)以特殊人群为研究对象,检验和修正预设加工的认知模型。
中图分类号:
杨琪, 蒋晓鸣, 周晓林. (2022). 语言理解中的预设加工. 心理科学进展 , 30(7), 1511-1523.
YANG Qi, JIANG Xiaoming, ZHOU Xiaolin. (2022). Presupposition processing in language comprehension. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(7), 1511-1523.
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