区分适应性自恋和非适应性自恋:多视角的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00096

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近40年来, 正常人的自恋得到了越来越多的关注.日益增加的证据显示正常人的自恋可以按照适应功能进一步区分为适应性自恋和非适应性自恋两类.本文对揭示两类自恋差异的证据进行了全面梳理, 包括二者的成分构成,适应功能,人格基础,发展规律和遗传基础.这些结果促进了对自恋复杂性的认识, 加深了对现有研究的理解, 同时也突出了未来区分二者的重要性.将来需要从理论上进一步澄清二者的差异, 编制相应的量表, 探讨二者在其它方面的不同, 特别是二者是否具有不同的神经基础.

关键词: 自恋, 适应性自恋, 非适应性自恋, 适应

Abstract:

Recently, researchers have proposed to distinguish between adaptive narcissism and maladaptive narcissism. We reviewed the existing evidence that support this distinction, showing that two kinds of narcissism differ from each other in 1) constitutive components; 2) associations with intrapersonal and interpersonal adaptions; 3) personality nomologic networks; 4) developmental trajectories; 5) genetic and environmental bases. Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism may help us better understand the complexity of narcissism as well as narcissists on one hand; on the other hand, improve future research and intervention practice.

Key words: narcissism, adaptive narcissism, maladaptive narcissism, adaption

中图分类号:

B848

余震坤, 刘云芝, 罗宇, 蔡华俭. (2019). 区分适应性自恋和非适应性自恋:多视角的证据. 心理科学进展 , 27(1), 96-105.

YU Zhenkun, LIU Yunzhi, LUO Yu, CAI Huajian. (2019). Adaptive narcissism and maladaptive narcissism: Diverse evidences for the distinction. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(1), 96-105.

图/表 1

参考文献 49

1	何宁, 朱云莉 . (2016). 自爱与他爱: 自恋, 共情与内隐利他的关系. 心理学报,48(2), 199-210. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.00199 URL
2	Ackerman R. A., Witt E. A., Donnellan M. B., Trzesniewski K. H., Robins R. W., & Kashy D. A . (2011). What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure? Assessment, 18(1), 67-87. doi: 10.1177/1073191110382845 URL pmid: 20876550
3	Back M. D., Küfner A. C. P., Dufner M., Gerlach T. M., Rauthmann J. F ., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013-1037. doi: 10.1037/a0034431 URL pmid: 24128186
4	Barry C. T., Frick P. J., Adler K. K., & Grafeman S. J . (2007). The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents: Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 16(4), 508-521. doi: 10.1007/s10826-006-9102-5 URL
5	Barry C. T., Frick P. J., & Killian A. L . (2003). The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 139-152. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_13 URL pmid: 12573939
6	Brown R. P., Budzek K., & Tamborski M . (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 951-964. doi: 10.1177/0146167209335461 URL pmid: 19487486
7	Cai H. J., Kwan V. S. Y., & Sedikides C . (2012). A Sociocultural Approach to Narcissism: The Case of Modern China. European Journal of Personality, 26(5), 529-535. doi: 10.1002/per.852 URL
8	Cai H. J. , & Luo, Y. L. L.
	(in press). Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism . In A.D. Hermann,A. Brunell, & J. Foster (Eds.), The handbook of trait narcissism: Key advances, research methods, and controversies .New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
9	Cai H. J., Shi Y. Y., Fang X ., & Luo, Y. L. L. (2015). Narcissism predicts impulsive buying: Phenotypic and genetic evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 881. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00881 URL pmid: 4493767
10	Chester D. S., Lynam D. R., Powell D. K., & DeWall C. N . (2016). Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity: A DTI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(7), 1036-1040. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv069 URL pmid: 26048178
11	Corry N., Merritt R. D., Mrug S., & Pamp B . (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 593-600. doi: 10.1080/00223890802388590 URL pmid: 18925501
12	Costa P.T., &MacCrae R.R . (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources. Incorporated.
13	Davis M.H . (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 85.
14	delRosario P.M., &White R.M . (2005). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Test-retest stability and internal consistency. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1075-1081. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.001 URL
15	Edelstein R. S., Newton N. J., & Stewart A. J . (2012). Narcissism in midlife: Longitudinal changes in and correlates of women's narcissistic personality traits. Journal of Personality, 80(5), 1179-1204. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00755.x URL pmid: 22092045
16	Emmons R.A . (1984). Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 291-300. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_11 URL pmid: 16367528
17	Emmons R.A . (1987). Narcissism: theory and measurement. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52(1), 11-17.
18	Fan Y., Wonneberger C., Enzi B., De G. M., Ulrich C., Tempelmann C., .. Northoff G . (2011). The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates: An exploratory fMRI study. Psychological Medicine, 41(8), 1641-1650. doi: 10.1017/S003329171000228X URL pmid: 21144117
19	Foster J. D., Campbell W. K., & Twenge J. M . (2003). Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 469-486. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00026-6 URL
20	Freud S. . (1914). On Narcissism: An Introduction.
21	Gebauer J. E., Sedikides C., Verplanken B., & Maio G. R . (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854-878. doi: 10.1037/a0029629
22	Hepper E. G., Hart C. M., Meek R., Cisek S., & Sedikides C . (2014). Narcissism and empathy in young offenders and non-offenders. European Journal of Personality, 28(2), 201-210. doi: 10.1002/per.1939 URL
23	Hill P.L., &Roberts B.W . (2012). Narcissism, Well-being, and observer-rated personality across the lifespan. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 3(2), 216-223. doi: 10.1177/1948550611415867 URL
24	Krizan Z., & Johar O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 784-801.
25	Kubarych T. S., Deary I. J., & Austin E. J . (2004). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Factor structure in a non-clinical sample. Personality & Individual Differences, 36(4), 857-872. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00158-2 URL
26	Lambe S., Hamilton-Giachritsis C., Garner E., & Walker J . (2016). The role of narcissism in aggression and violence: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(2), 209-230. doi: 10.1177/1524838016650190 URL pmid: 27222500
27	Lasch C. .(1979). The culture of narcissism. New York:. Norton.
28	Luo Y. L. L., Cai H. J., Sedikides C., & Song H. R . (2014). Distinguishing communal narcissism from agentic narcissism: A behavior genetics analysis on the agency- communion model of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 49(1), 52-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.01.001 URL
29	Martinez M. A., Zeichner A., Reidy D. E., & Miller J. D . (2008). Narcissism and displaced aggression: Effects of positive, negative, and delayed feedback. Personality & Individual Differences, 44(1), 140-149. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.012 URL
30	Miller J.D., & Maples J. (2012). Trait personality models of narcissistic personality disorder, grandiose narcissism, and vulnerable narcissism. In W. K. Campbell, J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp.71-88), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch7 URL
31	Moeller S. J., Crocker J., & Bushman B. J . (2009). Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-image goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 448-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005 URL pmid: 20126295
32	Morf C.C., & Rhodewalt F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177-196. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1 URL
33	Morf C. C., Horvath S., & Torchetti L . (2011). Narcissistic self-enhancement: Tales of (successful?) self-portrayal. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self- enhancement and self-protection(pp. 399-424). New York, NY: Guilford.
34	Park S.W., &Colvin C.R . (2015). Narcissism and other‐derogation in the absence of ego threat. Journal of Personality, 83(3), 334-345. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12107 URL pmid: 24934570
35	Raskin R.N., &Hall C.S . (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590-590.
36	Raskin R., & Terry H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(5), 890-902. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 URL pmid: 3379585
37	Rasmussen K. . (2016). Entitled vengeance: A meta-analysis relating narcissism to provoked aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 42(4), 362-379. doi: 10.1002/ab.21632 URL pmid: 26522921
38	Reidy D. E., Zeichner A., Foster J. D., & Martinez M. A . (2008). Effects of narcissistic entitlement and exploitativeness on human physical aggression. Personality & Individual Differences, 44(4), 865-875. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.015 URL
39	Rhodewalt F., &Morf C.C . (1995). Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1001 URL
40	Roche M. J., Pincus A. L., Lukowitsky M. R., Ménard K. S., & Conroy D. E . (2013). An integrative approach to the assessment of narcissism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 237-248. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2013.770400 URL pmid: 23451709
41	Rose P. . (2007). Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: The roles of materialism and impulse control. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 576-581. doi: 10.1037/0893-164x.21.4.576 URL pmid: 18072841
42	Thomaes S., Brummelman E., & Sedikides C . (2016). Narcissism: A social-developmental perspective. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences(pp. 1-40). New York, NY: Sage.
43	Twenge J. M., Konrath S., Foster J. D., Campbell W. K., & Bushman B. J . (2008). Egos inflating over time: A cross- temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 875-902. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x URL pmid: 18507710
44	Vernon P. A., Villani V. C., Vickers L. C., & Harris J. A . (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5. Personality & Individual Differences, 44(2), 445-452. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007 URL
45	Washburn J. J., McMahon S. D., King C. A., Reinecke M. A., & Silver C . (2004). Narcissistic features in young adolescents: Relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 33(3), 247-260. doi: 10.1023/B:JOYO.0000025323.94929.d9 URL
46	Watson P.J., &Biderman M.D . (1993). Narcissistic personality inventory factors, splitting, and self- consciousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61(1), 41-57. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_4 URL pmid: 8377102
47	Watson P. J., Grisham S. O., Trotter M. V., & Biderman M. D . (1984). Narcissism and empathy: Validity evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 301-305.
48	Watson P.J., &Morris R.J . (1991). Narcissism, empathy and social desirability. Personality & Individual Differences, 12(6), 575-579. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90253-8 URL
49	Wink P. . (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590-597.

因素模型	因素内容
四因素模型	剥削性/特权感(Exploitativeness/Entitlement),领导力/权威(Leadership/Authority),优越性/自大(Superiority/Arrogance)和自我吸引/自我崇拜(Self-Absorption/ Self-Admiration) (Emmons, 1984, 1987)
七因素模型	权威(Authority),自我满足(Self-Sufficiency),优越感(Superiority),自我表现(Exhibitionism),剥削性(Exploitativeness),虚荣(Vanity)和特权感(Entitlement) (Raskin & Terry, 1988)
二因素模型	权利(Power)和自我表现(Exhibitionism) (Kubarych, Deary, & Austin, 2004)
二因素模型	自我表现(Exhibitionism)和特权感(Entitlement) (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008)
三因素模型	权力(Power),自我表现(Exhibitionism)和特殊感(Specialness) (Kubarych et al., 2004)
三因素模型	领导力/权威(Leadership /Authority),自夸/自我表现(Grandiose/Exhibitionism)和特权感/剥削性(Entitlement / Exploitativeness) (Ackerman et al., 2011)

因素模型	因素内容
四因素模型	剥削性/特权感(Exploitativeness/Entitlement),领导力/权威(Leadership/Authority),优越性/自大(Superiority/Arrogance)和自我吸引/自我崇拜(Self-Absorption/ Self-Admiration) (Emmons, 1984, 1987)
七因素模型	权威(Authority),自我满足(Self-Sufficiency),优越感(Superiority),自我表现(Exhibitionism),剥削性(Exploitativeness),虚荣(Vanity)和特权感(Entitlement) (Raskin & Terry, 1988)
二因素模型	权利(Power)和自我表现(Exhibitionism) (Kubarych, Deary, & Austin, 2004)
二因素模型	自我表现(Exhibitionism)和特权感(Entitlement) (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008)
三因素模型	权力(Power),自我表现(Exhibitionism)和特殊感(Specialness) (Kubarych et al., 2004)
三因素模型	领导力/权威(Leadership /Authority),自夸/自我表现(Grandiose/Exhibitionism)和特权感/剥削性(Entitlement / Exploitativeness) (Ackerman et al., 2011)

[1]	苏涛, 曾浩文, 钟晓琳, 马文聪, 陈修德. 祸福相依：自恋型领导对下属效能双面效应的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2024, 32(9): 1463-1487.
[2]	何婷, 胡惠南, 乔璐, 杨靓靓, 李明英, 蔺秀云. 父母应对社会化如何影响儿童青少年适应：基于长时与实时时间轴的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2024, 32(8): 1342-1353.
[3]	康廷虎, 赵静. 自恋研究的路线与整合: 动力、调控与人格特征[J]. 心理科学进展, 2024, 32(8): 1354-1365.
[4]	阿尔升·海达别克, 周同, 喻洁, 王计悦意, 陈飞, 丁雪辰. 毕生发展视角下独处的适应功能：益处与代价的五轮比较[J]. 心理科学进展, 2024, 32(2): 330-341.
[5]	高芷晗, 王蕊, 蒋毅. 基于局部生物运动方向的适应后效[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(suppl.): 24-24.
[6]	陈雅兰, 李天添, 周攀, 刘小燕, 王玲. 城市隧道出口驾驶过程中的视觉适应机制研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(suppl.): 49-49.
[7]	宋方兴, 吕利利, 鲍敏. 眼拮抗神经元的适应调节注意引起的眼优势可塑性[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(suppl.): 118-118.
[8]	傅昱涵, 梅高兴. 刺激持续时间调节序列依赖效应[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(suppl.): 125-125.
[9]	安叶青, 七十三, 曾小叶, 金童林, 曹呈旭. 家庭抗逆力理论在风险应对领域的应用：演变、价值及挑战[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(3): 428-442.
[10]	徐步霄, 白洁, 李晔, 郭永玉. 集体自恋：群际冲突的催化剂[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 2100-2116.
[11]	杨倩. 负性情绪在冲突适应中的作用机制：分离与整合视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1844-1855.
[12]	朱亚琳, 金灿灿. 黑暗三联征与攻击行为关系的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(7): 1195-1209.
[13]	薛冰, 王雪娇, 马宁, 高军. 催产素调控心理韧性:基于对海马的作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(2): 311-322.
[14]	程浩, 张亚利, 姚雪, 张向葵. 自恋与行为抑制/激活系统的关系：元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(10): 1796-1807.
[15]	李铭泽, 叶慧莉, 张光磊. 自恋型领导对团队创造力形成过程的多视角研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(9): 1437-1453.