Most Down Articles

Published in last 1 year | In last 2 years| In last 3 years| All| Most Downloaded in Recent Month | Most Downloaded in Recent Year|

Most Downloaded in Recent Year

Please wait a minute...


For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （3652）            Knowledge map    Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Common Method Variance Effects and the Models of Statistical Approaches for Controlling It XIONG Hong-Xing;ZHANG Jing;YE Bao-Juan;ZHENG Xue;SUN Pei-Zhen null    2012, 20 (5): 757-769.   Abstract （1546）            Knowledge map    Common Method Variance (CMV) refers to the overlap in variance between two variables because of the type of measurement instrument used rather than representing a true relationship between the underlying constructs. Researchers should give careful consideration to CMV although it may not surely bias the conclusions about the relationships between measures. CMV effect is often created by using the same method — especially a survey — to measure each variable. Procedural design and statistical control solutions are provided to minimize its likelihood in studies. A statistical control technique is a good solution if it can separate construct varience, method varience and error, and distinguish method bias at the item level from method bias at the construct level, and takes account of Method×Trait interactions. Thus, method-factor approaches are better than partial correlation approaches. It’s very important to understand the model of every method-factor approache for selecting statistical remedies correctly for different types of research settings. Etimating evaluate the effect of CMV within specific research domains and the effect of CMV on empirical findings within a theoretical domain should be concerned for further research. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Conservation of resources theory in the organizational behavior context: Theoretical evolution and challenges LIAO Huahua, HUANG Lei, HU Bin Advances in Psychological Science    2022, 30 (2): 449-463.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.00449 Abstract （484）            Knowledge map    Over the past three decades, the conservation of resources theory (COR) has become one of the most widely applied theories in organizational behavior (OB). Hobfoll (1989) proposed COR as a new attempt at conceptualizing the stressor-strain relationship. It highlights that stress is not construed by individual perception but a reaction to objective stressful circumstances; coping in reaction to stress is a dynamic process of exchanging resources between individuals and the environment. Imprinted by Hobfoll's background as a clinical psychologist studying stress disorder, COR is recognized as a resource-oriented stress model with environmental roots After several major revisions, COR has developed from a stressor-strain model into a motivational theory and built a theoretical framework with several extensions. The dynamic process regarding how people strive to acquire, protect, and build resources helps to explain individual behaviors in reactions to stressors across many organizational contexts. COR also shed light upon how organizations cope with stress. From 1989 to 2020, OB literature has accounted for most citations of the 1989 paper that initially introduced COR theory. A great number of empirical studies in the OB field, covering a variety of themes such as job stress, work engagement, creativity, and leadership, investigated the major propositions in COR. These propositions include resource loss and gain spirals, salience of resource gain in the process of resource loss, and more. As a result, COR has become one of the most influential theories for understanding employees' psychological processes and behavioral motivation. However, OB scholars share concerns about COR that the concept of resource is fuzzily defined and therefore that nearly anything good can be considered a resource. We acknowledge the substantive value of COR in OB literature though it may not sound novel, but we also recommend OB scholars be conscious with its conceptualization while applying COR and not take the value of applying it by granted because of its high citations. Applying COR in OB research also faces challenges from other theoretical perspectives. For example, the stress-appraisal theory and the adaption theory provide some contrasting viewpoints on stress. Its origin in clinical psychology also invites problems for OB scholars that they tend to ignore the integrative perspective of COR regarding how the sources of stress and the structure of individual resources evolve in a dynamic process. We propose that OB researchers should avoid tailoring COR's propositions to OB research questions, which often means neglecting its overarching perspective and purposely selecting isolated viewpoints to serve their own research questions, but try to seek balance between the integrative perspective in COR theory and the behavior-focused tradition in OB research in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An Effective Path for Promoting Work Motivation: The Self-determination Theory Perspective ZHANG Jian; ZHANG Jian-Bing; LI Yue; Edward L. Deci null    2010, 18 (05): 752-759.   Abstract （1679）            Knowledge map    Self-determination Theory focuses on the motivation of human behaviors and the conditions within organizations that promote optimal motivation. This review discusses the philosophical basis of SDT, which uses organismic and dialectical assumptions. It also summarizes research on work motivation in organizations that has been guided by SDT. The research confirms the SDT perspective which suggests that organizational factors that support satisfaction of employees’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness will promote intrinsic motivation and the internalization of extrinsic motivation, which will in turn promote effective performance and psychological health in organizations. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Statistical Remedies for Common Method Biases Zhou Hao,Long Lirong null    2004, 12 (06): 942-942~950.   Abstract （7560）            Knowledge map    The problem of common method biases has being given more and more attention in the field of psychology, but there is little research about it in China, and the effects of common method bias are not well controlled. Generally, there are two ways of controlling common method biases, procedural remedies and statistical remedies. In this paper, statistical remedies for common method biases are provided, such as factor analysis, partial correlation, latent method factor, structural equation model, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed separately. Finally, suggestions of how to choose these remedies are given. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Reconstruction on the Connotation of Well-being Based on An Integrative Perspective PENG Yi;CHEN Hong null    2010, 18 (07): 1052-1061.   Abstract （1484）            Knowledge map    Well-being is a complex construct that concerns optimal experience and functioning. Current research at home and abroad has been derived from two general perspectives—— subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB). The former focuses on individual enjoyment, and the latter focuses on potential and self-realization. Based on the studying of literature, this paper analyzes the characters of SWB and PWB to understand their relation and difference. Then at a perspective of subjective behavioral perception, an integrative model of well-being, which concerned the subjective identity, showing the path and character of integration, is proposed in this paper. Then the conception of well-being is defined, and the variation trend of it is analyzed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Effectiveness of Servant Leadership Behaviors in Chinese Organizational Context: A Longitudinal Research WANG Biying; GAO Riguang Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (10): 1532-1542.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.01532 Abstract （579）            Knowledge map    The essential characteristic of servant leadership is serving first, which transcends any other leadership behaviors of organizational benefits first. However, the relevant research in Chinese organizational context is not enough. This research explored the construct of servant leadership and developed a measure of servant leadership in Chinese context with qualitative method and quantitative method. This research also examined the effectiveness of servant leadership with the techniques of structural equation model and hierarchical regression analysis dealing with the longitudinal data from paired supervisor-subordinate. Three studies were included: (1) The construct and measurement of servant leadership; (2) the longitudinal research of the effectiveness of servant leadership based on the perspective of comparing leadership behaviors; and (3) the longitudinal research of the effectiveness of servant leadership based on the perspective of influencing mechanism. The results are helpful to clarify the connotation and dimensions of servant leadership, recognize and measure servant leadership behavior, and examine the effectiveness of servant leadership. The results also compare the effects of servant leadership on team’s and employee’s performance with the ones of paternalistic leadership and transformational leadership, and reveal the mediating mechanism between servant leadership and team’s and employee’s performance. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The duality of attachment pattern: Trait attachment and state attachment JIA Chenglong, LIU Tingting, SUN Li, QIN Jinliang Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (4): 626-637.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00626 Abstract （1084）            Knowledge map    Traditional attachment theory suggests that an individual’s attachment-related psychological and behavioral patterns are relatively stable. However, from information processes or life-span development perspective, attachment patterns have trait-state duality, i.e. attachment patterns are both relatively stable and context-sensitive. An individual’s attachment pattern in a particular context is the consequence of his or her trait attachment and contextual feature interactions. The interaction patterns between trait attachment and attachment priming effects provide a window to understand the duality of attachment and their relationships. And the two-stages model of attachment activation offers a framework for integrating and understanding these patterns. Future studies should optimize the manipulation check of attachment priming, meanwhile, take the interaction between attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety in consideration. More attention should be paid to the individual differences in the high attachment anxiety group which may clarify the patterns of interaction between trait and state attachment. Moreover, the time course of how attachment coping strategies impact the effects of attachment priming should be concerned, which could reveal the mechanism of the interactions between trait and state attachment. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Random intercept latent transition analysis (RI-LTA): Separating the between-subject variation from the within-subject variation WEN Congcong, ZHU Hong Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (10): 1773-1782.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01773 Abstract （655）            Knowledge map    Traditional latent transition analysis (LTA) is usually done using single-level modeling, but can also be viewed as a two-level modeling from a multi-level perspective. In 2020, Muthén and Asparouhov proposed a so-called random intercept latent transition analysis (RI-LTA) model which separates between-subject variation from within-subject variation. By integrating a random intercept factor, latent class transitions are represented on the within level, whereas the between level captures the variability across subjects. The random intercept factor f is the most important. If the factor loadings on the random intercept factor are large, this indicates that the item probabilities are large and thus the cases have large differences on these items. From this perspective, RI-LTA can be viewed as absorbing the measurement non-invariance of the model. Due to large item differences, the different latent classes are easy to distinguish. These differences are absorbed by the random intercept factor but are not set to influence the latent class variables. Therefore, the off-diagonal values of the transition probability matrix are larger. In traditional LTA, large differences across classes are not absorbed by the random intercept factor, which leads to smaller off-diagonal but larger diagonal values of the transition probability matrix. Performing RI-LTA in Mplus software can be done in three to four steps. First, implementing LCA across different time points; second, implementing traditional LTA and RI-LTA; third, saving the parameter estimates obtained in the second step and using them as population values to do a Monte Carlo simulation study; fourth, in the event of previous knowledge or existing applications, one may include covariates or distal outcomes in the model. Researchers can also perform multiple-group analysis, Markov chain mover-stayer analysis, multi-level RI-LTA, or longitudinal factor analysis to have deeper insight into the data. In the current study, a two-wave longitudinal data collection from undergraduates attending in the year 2016 at a research-oriented university was used to demonstrate how to implement RI-LTA in Mplus. The first three steps used were as described in the previous paragraph. For the fourth step, we performed a multiple-group analysis and investigated the interaction effects by including a “type of university enrolment” covariate. Results showed that students of the class labeled “strong intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class tended to switch to “strong intrinsic motivation but low extrinsic motivation” class and “low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class at a 33.0% transition probability of staying in the original class with RI-LTA analysis, while these students tended to stay in the original class at a 68.9% staying transition probability with traditional LTA analysis. This indicated that RI-LTA avoided overestimation on the transition probabilities of students staying in the original class and allowed for clearer interpretation of the data. The RI-LTA model was shown to be better than the traditional LTA model in this situation. By including a “type of university enrolment” covariate, the multiple-group analysis indicated that measurement invariance should be established. Most of the regression coefficients of latent classes on covariate were not significant except c1#1 on dummy2, which was significant at a value of -2.364. This indicated that students who were enrolled via the independent admission examinations and endorsed the “low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class were fewer than the recommended students We also found that the interaction effects of the covariate and c1 on c2 were not significant. Thus, a more parsimonious measurement invariant multiple-group analysis including a covariate but without interaction effect model should be chosen. Future research could use Monte Carlo simulation studies to investigate the applicability of RI-LTA, for example by manipulating sample sizes, numbers of indicators, latent classes, and time points. Inspired by multi-level modeling, the implementation of multi-level RI-LTA in statistical software should also be explored further. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

How do readers select the saccade targets? LI Yugang; HUANG Ren; HUA Huimin; LI Xingshan Advances in Psychological Science    2017, 25 (3): 404-412.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.00404 Abstract （819）            Knowledge map    How do readers select a landing position when they make a saccade is an interesting and important question in cognitive psychology research. For alphabetic languages (i.e., English and German) which use blank spaces to segment words, readers usually make saccades to the preferred viewing location (PVL), which is usually slightly to the left of the center of a word. For non-alphabetic languages like Chinese, however, the absence of obvious visual cues between words makes the selection of a landing position more complex. Recently, researchers have studied saccade target selection from the perspective of dynamic saccade adjustment based on foveal-parafoveal processing. They found that saccade lengths are influenced by the demands of on-going foveal and parafoveal processing. Moreover, the processing of parafoveal information directly determines the saccade lengths. However, more efforts are needed to understand precisely how saccade length is adjusted to accommodate foveal and parafoveal processing demands during the reading of both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mixture Model Method: A new method to handle aberrant responses in psychological and educational testing LIU Yue, LIU Hongyun Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (9): 1696-1710.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01696 Abstract （234）            Knowledge map    Aberrant responses have been repeatedly reported in psychological and educational measurement. If traditional measurement models or methods (e.g., item response theory, IRT) are applied to data sets contaminated by aberrant responses, parameter estimates may be biased. Therefore, it is necessary to identify aberrant responses and to reduce their detrimental effects. In the literature, there are two traditional response time (RT)-based methods to detect aberrant responses: RT threshold method and RT residual method. The focus of these methods is to find a threshold of RT or RT residual. If a RT or RT residual is remarkably less than the threshold, this response should be regarded as an aberrant response with extremely short RT (e.g., speededness, rapid-guessing), and consequently does not provide information about the test taker's latent trait. Afterwards, down-weighting strategy, which tries to limit the influence of aberrant responses on parameter estimation by reducing their weight in the sample, can be applied. The mixture model method (MMM), is a new method proposed to handle data contaminated by aberrant responses. This method applies the accommodating strategy, which is to extend a model in order to account for the contaminations directly. MMM shows more advantages in terms of: (1) detecting aberrant responses and obtaining parameter estimates simultaneously, instead of two steps (detecting and down-weighting); (2) precisely recovering the severity of aberrant responding. There are two categories of MMM. The first category of methods assumes that the classification (i.e., whether the item is answered normally or aberrantly) can be predicted by RT. While the second category is a natural extension of van der Linden's (2007) hierarchical model, which models responses and RTs jointly. In this method, the observed RT, as well as the correct response probability of each item-by-person encounter can be decomposed to RT (or probability) caused by normal response and that caused by aberrant response according to the most important difference between the two distinct behaviors. This method leads to more precisely estimated item and person parameters, as well as excellent classification of aberrant/normal behavior. First, this article compares the basic logic of the two traditional RT-based methods and MMM. Aberrant responses are regarded as outliers in both RT threshold method and RT residual method. Therefore, they rely heavily on the severity of aberrance. If data set is contaminated by aberrant responses seriously, the observed RT (or RT residual) distribution will be different from the expected distribution, which in turn leads to low power and sometimes high false detection rate. On the other hand, MMM, which assumes that both observed RT and correct response probability follow a mixture distribution, treats aberrant and normal responses equally. In that way, it has little reliance on the severity of aberrance. In addition to that, MMM can apply to the situation when all the respondents actually respond regularly in theoretic. In that situation, all the responses are assumed to be classified into one category. Second, this article summarizes the disadvantages of the three methods. MMM has three primary limitations: (1) it usually relies heavily on strong assumptions, which means that it may not perform well if these assumptions are violated; (2) low proportion of aberrant response may lead to convergence problem and model identification problem; (3) it is quite complex and time-consuming. In all, practitioners should choose a proper method according to the characteristics of tests and categories of aberrant responses (e.g., rapid-guessing, item with preknowledge, cheating). In the end, this article suggests future researches may investigate the performance of MMM when its assumptions are violated or data consists of more types of aberrant response patterns. Fixing item parameter estimates, proposing some index to help choosing suitable methods, are encouraged to improve the efficiency of MMM. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Creating for Others: An Experimental Study of the Effects of Intrinsic Motivation and Prosocial Motivation on Creativity LI Yang; BAI Xinwen Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (2): 175-181.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00175 Abstract （1033）            Knowledge map    Scholars of creativity research usually believe that intrinsic motivation is conducive to creativity. However, more and more results have challenged and questioned this conclusion. According to the latest motivated information processing model, prosocial motivation can help people think about not only novel but also useful aspects of ideas to improve the whole creativity. This study used 2×2 between-subjects design. Through the manipulation of intrinsic motivation and prosocial motivation, participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions and completed a creative task. ANOVA indicated that there was a significant interaction effect of intrinsic motivation and prosocial motivation on creativity, and only when people had high levels of intrinsic motivation coupled with high levels of prosocial motivation, they would be most creative. This study proved the importance of prosocial motivation in creative process, and opened a new perspective of creativity research. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

How meteorological factors affect consumer behavior? The mechanism of meteo-marketing based on contextual marketing theory LI Chenxi, YAO Tang Advances in Psychological Science    2019, 27 (2): 191-200.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00191 Abstract （2141）            Knowledge map    There is a growing body of literature investigating the significant impacts of meteorological factors on human behavior, ranging from individual emotion swings to the prosperity and decline of social economics. Based on contextual marketing theory, this study proposes the concept of meteo-marketing, which is particularly applicable for the era of big data. By identifying the meteorological factors that affect consumer’s psychology and behavior in the dynamic weather environment, this study proposes the influential mechanisms of the “meteorological factors-consumer psychology-consumption behavior” logical chain for further verification. The research mainly focuses on the three issues, i.e., the meteorological factors in contextual marketing, the impact of meteorological factors on consumer’s psychology and behavior and the interaction effect of meteorological factors and marketing strategies. Relevant research findings are expected to further extend and enrich the existing contextual marketing theory, and serve as a useful supplement to the discipline of environmental consumer psychology. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of aerobic exercise on memory and its neurobiological mechanism KE Jinhong, WANG Bo Advances in Psychological Science    2022, 30 (1): 115-128.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.00115 Abstract （278）            Knowledge map    Aerobic exercise is the rhythmic and continuous use of large muscle groups with sufficient oxygen supply. The aim of this review is to summarize previous research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise on working memory, episodic memory and implicit memory, and moderators among the relationships, such as timing of aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise duration, aerobic exercise intensity, cognitive engagement of aerobic exercise, age and gender. The following databases were used for the computerized searches: CNKI, Web of Science and PubMed. Aerobic exercise can improve processing speed in working memory tasks, denoted by both reaction time and event related potential. Moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise before memory encoding or during consolidation can enhance episodic memory. Vigorous intensity aerobic exercise can promote implicit memory. As for the moderators, a) timing of aerobic exercise has similar effects on the three types of memory. Aerobic exercise before memory encoding can promote all three types of memory (One study for working memory (Budde et al., 2010), one study for implicit memory (Angulo-Barroso et al., 2019), and for episodic memory in a previous meta-analysis, d = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.23] (Loprinzi, Blough, et al., 2019)). Aerobic exercise during memory encoding can damage working memory (2 out of 3 studies have showed significant damaging effect (Loprinzi, 2018)) and episodic memory (d = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.22, -0.02] (Loprinzi, Blough, et al., 2019)), especially for vigorous intensity. Few studies have explored the effect of aerobic exercise during implicit memory encoding. Aerobic exercise during memory consolidation can promote episodic memory (d = 0.47, 95% CI [0.28, 0.67] (Loprinzi, Blough, et al., 2019)) and implicit memory (in one experimental study (Lundbye-Jensen et al., 2017)). b) Research synthesis indicates that chronic aerobic exercise is beneficial to working memory and episodic memory, while acute aerobic exercise has no significant effect. Yet, no study has directly compared the effects of acute and long-term aerobic exercise on implicit memory. c) Emerging research suggests that aerobic exercise intensity has different effect on the three kinds of memory. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise has positive effect on working memory. Vigorous intensity aerobic exercise can improve episodic memory and implicit memory. However, vigorous intensity aerobic exercise can negatively impacts working memory, which may lead to fatigue or interference, but this negative effect may be attenuated if the post-exercise recovery period is sufficient. d) Open skill aerobic exercise is performed in a dynamic and changing environment and require more cognitive engagement, such as football and basketball, while closed skill aerobic exercise take place in a predictable and static environment, requiring less cognitive engagement, such as rope skipping and stair climbing. The cognitive engagement of aerobic exercise may have positive effect on memory. e) The interactions are complex and several other moderators, such as types of memory (item memory and source memory), emotional characteristics of the learning materials, gender and age, should be carefully considered. Next, we review the neurobiological mechanism underlying the effect of aerobic exercise on memory from the aspects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampus. Animal studies generally show that BDNF is the mediator of the relationships between aerobic exercise and memory. However, the results of human research remain controversial. The change of BDNF lasts for only a few hours, thus it is easier to observe the increase of BDNF when sampling immediately after aerobic exercise. Specific gene affects the expression of BDNF. As for Val/Met heterozygous carriers, although aerobic exercise can negatively impact the episodic memory, studies have found that increasing aerobic exercise intensity can offset the adverse effects of Val/Met gene on working memory. Future research can focus on how aerobic exercise can improve the memory of Val/Met heterozygous carriers. Aerobic exercise can also cause long-term potentiation, activate hippocampus and other memory related brain areas, and induce neurogenesis. Future research can also test the laterality of fMRI activation to infer whether aerobic exercise can maintain the health of specific brain areas vulnerable to aging. In conclusion, Future research should focus on the moderating effects of memory types, aerobic exercise timing and duration, aerobic exercise intensity and cognitive engagement, as well as age and gender, and explore the mediating role of BDNF and other molecular mechanisms (e.g., the endocannabinoid system) in human experiments, so as to reveal the neurobiological mechanism underlying the impact of aerobic exercise on memory. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Differences of Well-being Between the East and the West: from the View of Self-construal GAO Liang;ZHENG Xue;YAN Biao-Bin null    2010, 18 (07): 1041-1045.   Abstract （1679）            Knowledge map    Well-being is oriented by the culture essentially. However, the researches on well-being in the past mainly focused on the commonality, rather than the differences, between Western and Chinese well-being. Cultural differences between individualism and collectivism are represented by the differences on self-construction between East and West. By comparing the differences of self-construal and well-being between East and West, we find significant differences on origin, meaning, connection and time, which are the four dimensions of well-being. Clearly, well-being of Chinese has four characteristics: harmony, worthiness, sociability and futurity. Establishment of four characteristics of the well-being of Chinese will provide a valuable perspective on locallizing the theories and applied research of well-being in China. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Resilience: The Psychological Mechanism for Recovery and Growth during Stress Yu Xiaonan,Zhang Jianxin null    2005, 13 (05): 658-665.   Abstract （2977）            Knowledge map    Resilience refers to the effective coping and adaptation although faced with loss, hardship, or adversity. This biological imperative for self-protection will be exhibited when people are faced with stress, threats, or life changes. Coping resources or protective factors on personal, family, and social aspects interact with each other into a dynamic system in order to resist the effect of adversity. The process model argues that resilience refers to the higher homeostasis than original level, and it is different from recovery. The hierarchy of resilience demonstrates its adaptive nature on different developmental stages, and the meaning of resilience varies according to the specific situations. Although there is no consensus on the measurement of resilience, some scales have been employed widely for their convenience and efficiency. The aim of resilience research is to examine strength and promote adaptation of people, and resilience interventions conducted by schools, clinical institutions, communities, and enterprises have been proven good effects. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Motivated Information Processing Model: Theory and Applications WU Meng;BAI Xin-Wen Advances in Psychological Science    2012, 20 (11): 1889-1898.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.01889 Abstract （2090）            Knowledge map    Based on “groups as information processor perspective”, motivated information processing (MIP) model emphasizes that information processing and sharing depends on two types of motivations, epistemic motivation and social motivation, respectively. Epistemic motivation refers to the willingness to expend effort to achieve a thorough, rich, and accurate understanding of the world. It determines the depth of information processing. Social motivation is defined as the individual preference for outcome distributions between oneself and others. It influences which information will be processed. Epistemic motivation and social motivation, alone and in combination, interpret information processing at both individual and team level, and information sharing at team level. MIP model contributes to the industrial/organizational psychology literature by integrating the dual-process theory and groups as information processor perspective, and by providing a new perspective in the fields of negotiation, creativity, and team effectiveness. Limitations and implications for future study of MIP model are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

“Alone but not lonely” or “Alone and also lonely”: Cultural Differences on Relations between Unsociability and Adjustment Functioning DING Xuechen; ZHANG Tian; DENG Xinmei; SANG Biao; FANG Li; CHENG Chen Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (3): 439-447.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00439 Abstract （730）            Knowledge map    Social withdrawal refers to the process whereby children remove themselves from opportunities for peer interaction and frequently display solitary behaviors in social contexts. Unsociability or social disinterest, which is one subtype of social withdrawal, refers to the non-fearful preference for solitary activities. It should be noted that unsociability is not necessarily related with emotional adjustment difficulties in individualistic societies such as Canada and USA. However, the definition of adaptive value of specific social behavior varies from culture to culture. For example, unsociability is associated with social, emotional, and school problems in collectivistic societies such as China. Future studies should be aimed at making more comprehensive designs, examining interactions between age and culture, conducting direct comparisons in different cultures, exploring culture-related risk and protective factors, and highlighting impact of the Internet. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The effect of context on empathy CHEN Wuying; LIU Lianqi Advances in Psychological Science    2016, 24 (1): 91-100.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00091 Abstract （2116）            Knowledge map    This review provides a brief introduction of the research about the impact of context on empathy. Empathy is defined as the propensity to “share and understand other’s feelings during interpersonal interaction”. It includes two components of cognitive empathy and emotional empathy. Empathy appears to be a very situational cognitive process as the context has an effect on empathy. The privacy and meaning of the specific context influence the occurance or intensity of empathy. Group membership and interpersonal relationship also influence the processing of empathy. The contextual factors trigger empathic responses through automatic and controlled processing. Although much progress has been made in the field of the contextual effects on empathy, more work could be done in the future. The connotation of contextual factors is worthy to be explored in the future. We could take the perspective of people who empathize with others to confirm how the contextual effect on empathy is moderated by individual differences. Additionally, we can try to explore the mechanism of contextual effects on empathy under the background of cognitive processing. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The application of latent profile analysis in organizational behavior research YIN Kui, PENG Jian, ZHANG Jun Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (7): 1056-1070.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01056 Abstract （510）            Knowledge map    A person-centered approach views divergent variables as an interdependent system, and divides the sample into subgroups according to certain participant characteristics to analyze the antecedents and outcomes. This approach has earned much attention because it more closely approximates practice and easier to understand. Latent profile analysis (LPA) is one analytical tool typically used for such analysis. After comparing and contrasting person-centered and variable-centered approaches, and then LPA and similar analysis techniques, we systematically illuminate the domains of the field of organizational behavior where LPA can be applied. We then provide guidance for using LPA as a research method with regard to research theme, sample requirements, the use of theory, and the determination of profile number. Finally, we offer suggestions for the future development of LAP. Related Articles | Metrics