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How do readers select the saccade targets? LI Yugang; HUANG Ren; HUA Huimin; LI Xingshan Advances in Psychological Science    2017, 25 (3): 404-412.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.00404 Abstract （819）            Knowledge map    How do readers select a landing position when they make a saccade is an interesting and important question in cognitive psychology research. For alphabetic languages (i.e., English and German) which use blank spaces to segment words, readers usually make saccades to the preferred viewing location (PVL), which is usually slightly to the left of the center of a word. For non-alphabetic languages like Chinese, however, the absence of obvious visual cues between words makes the selection of a landing position more complex. Recently, researchers have studied saccade target selection from the perspective of dynamic saccade adjustment based on foveal-parafoveal processing. They found that saccade lengths are influenced by the demands of on-going foveal and parafoveal processing. Moreover, the processing of parafoveal information directly determines the saccade lengths. However, more efforts are needed to understand precisely how saccade length is adjusted to accommodate foveal and parafoveal processing demands during the reading of both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Relationship between Attentional Bias and Attribution Bias of Aggressors YU Feng;GUO Yong-Yu null    2009, 17 (04): 821-828.   Abstract （1296）            Knowledge map    Attentional Bias and attribution bias are especially important in the researches of aggressors’ cognition. Aggressors have preferences to hostile cues and also inclined to interpret the ambiguous situations in a hostile way. There are two possibilities of the relationship between attentional bias and attribution bias, which are Attention-First Model and Interpretation-First Model. Attention-First Model persists the idea that attention is at the beginning of the cognitive processes and left interpretation processes behind, but Interpretation-First Model do not. Each model has its supporting researches and the relationship between attentional bias and attribution bias is not clear. The innovation of research paradigm and experimental design and the importance of application researches must be considered in future. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effectiveness of Servant Leadership Behaviors in Chinese Organizational Context: A Longitudinal Research WANG Biying; GAO Riguang Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (10): 1532-1542.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.01532 Abstract （579）            Knowledge map    The essential characteristic of servant leadership is serving first, which transcends any other leadership behaviors of organizational benefits first. However, the relevant research in Chinese organizational context is not enough. This research explored the construct of servant leadership and developed a measure of servant leadership in Chinese context with qualitative method and quantitative method. This research also examined the effectiveness of servant leadership with the techniques of structural equation model and hierarchical regression analysis dealing with the longitudinal data from paired supervisor-subordinate. Three studies were included: (1) The construct and measurement of servant leadership; (2) the longitudinal research of the effectiveness of servant leadership based on the perspective of comparing leadership behaviors; and (3) the longitudinal research of the effectiveness of servant leadership based on the perspective of influencing mechanism. The results are helpful to clarify the connotation and dimensions of servant leadership, recognize and measure servant leadership behavior, and examine the effectiveness of servant leadership. The results also compare the effects of servant leadership on team’s and employee’s performance with the ones of paternalistic leadership and transformational leadership, and reveal the mediating mechanism between servant leadership and team’s and employee’s performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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COGNITIVE MODEL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC EVIDENCE OF FACE RECOGNITION Peng Xiaohu, Luo Yuejia, Wei Jinghan, Wang Guofeng null    2002, 10 (03): 241-247.   Abstract （1020）            Knowledge map    Research of ERP on face recognition has developed rapidly in recent years. According to the face recognition model of Bruce and Young, we discussed the meaning, effect, and relationship of each other among all the units. Results revealed the processing process and neural mechanism of face recognition. Furthermore, we pointed out some faults of Bruce and Young抯 face recognition model from a lot of results of ERP study, and tried to provide a modified face recognition model. Related Articles | Metrics

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Statistical Remedies for Common Method Biases Zhou Hao,Long Lirong null    2004, 12 (06): 942-942~950.   Abstract （7560）            Knowledge map    The problem of common method biases has being given more and more attention in the field of psychology, but there is little research about it in China, and the effects of common method bias are not well controlled. Generally, there are two ways of controlling common method biases, procedural remedies and statistical remedies. In this paper, statistical remedies for common method biases are provided, such as factor analysis, partial correlation, latent method factor, structural equation model, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed separately. Finally, suggestions of how to choose these remedies are given. Related Articles | Metrics

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Happiness in Behavioral Decision Making and Its Promotion Strategy ZHANG Jun-Wei;XU Fu-Ming;SUN Yan;LIU Teng-Fei;JIANG Duo null    2010, 18 (07): 1096-1103.   Abstract （902）            Knowledge map    One of humanity’s ultimate goals is the pursuit of happiness. With the development of behavioral decision making, researchers in this field began the exploration of happiness in recent years. Happiness rules in behavioral decision making may involve hedonic editing, less is better, peak and end rule, myopia and loss aversion. Based on these happiness rules, happiness increasing strategies were proposed as follows: how to communicate news to others, how to give gifts, how to use loss aversion to promote happiness, how to apply the peak and end rule to promote happiness, and how to overcome myopia. Related Articles | Metrics

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The analyses of multilevel moderation effects based on structural equation modeling FANG Jie, WEN Zhonglin, WU Yan Advances in Psychological Science    2018, 26 (5): 781-788.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00781 Abstract （1937）            Knowledge map     In recent years, multilevel models (MLM) have been frequently used for studying multilevel moderation in social sciences. However, there still exist sampling errors and measurement errors even after separating the between-group effects from the within-group effects of multilevel moderation. To solve this problem, a new method has been developed abroad by integrating MLM with structural equation models (SEM) under the framework of multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) to set latent variables and multiple indicators. It has been showed that the method could rectify sampling errors and measurement errors effectively and obtain more accurate estimation of moderating effects. After introducing the new method by modeling with random coefficient prediction and with latent moderated structural equations, we propose a procedure for analyzing multilevel moderation by using MSEM. An example is illustrated with the software Mplus. Totally 29 articles, published in Chinese psychological journals from 2010 to 2017, are reviewed for evaluating the situation of using multilevel moderation analysis methods in psychological researches in China. Directions for future study on multilevel moderation and MSEM were discussed at the end of the paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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How meteorological factors affect consumer behavior? The mechanism of meteo-marketing based on contextual marketing theory LI Chenxi, YAO Tang Advances in Psychological Science    2019, 27 (2): 191-200.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00191 Abstract （2141）            Knowledge map    There is a growing body of literature investigating the significant impacts of meteorological factors on human behavior, ranging from individual emotion swings to the prosperity and decline of social economics. Based on contextual marketing theory, this study proposes the concept of meteo-marketing, which is particularly applicable for the era of big data. By identifying the meteorological factors that affect consumer’s psychology and behavior in the dynamic weather environment, this study proposes the influential mechanisms of the “meteorological factors-consumer psychology-consumption behavior” logical chain for further verification. The research mainly focuses on the three issues, i.e., the meteorological factors in contextual marketing, the impact of meteorological factors on consumer’s psychology and behavior and the interaction effect of meteorological factors and marketing strategies. Relevant research findings are expected to further extend and enrich the existing contextual marketing theory, and serve as a useful supplement to the discipline of environmental consumer psychology. Related Articles | Metrics

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The association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents: A three-level meta-analysis CHEN Jing, RAN Guangming, ZHANG Qi, NIU Xiang Advances in Psychological Science    2022, 30 (2): 275-290.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.00275 Abstract （193）            Knowledge map    Aggressive behavior plays an important role in the social, emotional and psychological adjustment of children and adolescents. Children and adolescents with aggressive behavior are prone to violate social moral norms, and even commit crimes in serious cases. It is noted that peer victimization is an important predictor of aggressive behavior. Peer victimization refers to that individuals have experienced attacks by peers, such as physical and verbal victimization, attacks on property and social manipulation. Children and adolescents who have been victimized by peers will characterize the attacker as hostility, which will be generalized to the whole peer group, thus showing more aggressive behavior in future interpersonal communication. Several previous studies have examined the relationship between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. However, due to differences in research design and inconsistent results, there is still some uncertainty about the relationship between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, and the moderating effect on this relationship is not fully clear. Therefore, the present study employed a three-level meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize the results of original literatures to obtain reliable estimates of effect sizes and examined a range of moderators (sample, publication, study design, outcome, and assessment characteristics). Through the retrieval of articles published before October 2020, the current meta-analysis identified 40 studies, with 25,605 participants (range of mean age: 6 ~ 19 years) and 333 independent effect sizes. The funnel plot and Egger's test results suggested an absence of publication bias in current meta-analysis. Analysis revealed a significant positive association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents (r=0.295, p < 0.001), implying that children and adolescents showed a higher level of aggressive behavior when they experienced higher level of peer victimization. In addition, the present study found a significant moderating effect of peer victimization variable. Compared with physical victimization (r=0.219, p=0.005), the association between relational victimization (r=0.298, p=0.005) and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was stronger. Moreover, the overall association was influenced by region. Aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was more strongly associated with peer victimization in Asia (r=0.351, p=0.006) than in South America (r=0.149, p=0.006). Study design was also a significant moderator. The association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was smaller in longitudinal (r=0.234, p=0.014) than in cross-sectional studies (r=0.339, p=0.014). Finally, the moderator analyses also showed that the informant of peer victimization was a significant moderator. The strength of the association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was significantly stronger when peer victimization was reported by teachers (r=0.476, p=0.023) than by peers (r=0.290, p=0.023). In addition, the present study found that the overall association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents did not differ in strength across gender, age, publication, variable and informant of aggressive behavior. Moreover, to eliminate the multicollinearity between moderators, the current study built a multivariate model by including all significant moderators that had been identified in the bivariate models. The result indicated that at least one of the regression coefficients of moderators significantly deviates from zero (F (12, 316)=3.973, p < 0.001). In sum, the results of the current meta-analysis contribute to a better understanding of the association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. These results also provide a reference for future empirical studies on explaining aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Processing Efficiency Theory to Attentional Control Theory: New Perspective for Anxiety-performance Relationship in Sport Psychology SUN Guoxiao;ZHANG Liwei Advances in Psychological Science    2013, 21 (10): 1851-1864.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.01851 Abstract （2015）            Knowledge map    Sport psychology literature extensively reveals that competitive anxiety affects athletic performance (Sarason, 1984). However, the specific mechanisms of such negative relationship occurred between anxiety and performance still need to be further examined. Recently, processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory are further studied for attempting to explain the anxiety-performance relationship specifically in the areas of working memory and executive functions. Based on the research findings (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992), there are two theoretical assumptions for the processing efficiency theory: (1) anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than performance effectiveness, and (2) anxiety impairs the central executive system of working memory. Whereas, attentional control theory is a major development of processing efficiency theory (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007). Accordingly, there are also two theoretical assumptions for attentional control theory: (1) anxiety impairs goal-directed attentional system, (2) anxiety impairs efficiency of inhibition and shifting functions. Evidently, processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory both provide the useful frameworks to explain the specific mechanisms of anxiety-performance relationship, which is an imperative topic in sport psychology. Thus, the main purpose of this presentation is twofold: (1) to review the empirical research studies based on these two theories and (2) to recommend the implications for future research. Hopefully, our presentation would promote to further examine other anxiety-performance theories, improve the consistency of research protocol, take the cognitive perspectives into consideration of our research endeavor, and pay more attention to the effect of state anxiety for the purpose of enriching applied research literature. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （3652）            Knowledge map    Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Overview of Judgment and Decision Making Research Through the Lens of Fuzzy Trace Theory Roni Setton; Evan Wilhelms; Becky Weldon; Christina Chick; Valerie Reyna Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (12): 1837-1854.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.01837 Abstract （844）            Knowledge map    We present the basic tenets of fuzzy trace theory, a comprehensive theory of memory, judgment, and decision making that is grounded in research on how information is stored as knowledge, mentally represented, retrieved from storage, and processed. In doing so, we highlight how it is distinguished from traditional models of decision making in that gist reasoning plays a central role. The theory also distinguishes advanced intuition from primitive impulsivity. It predicts that different sorts of errors occur with respect to each component of judgment and decision making: background knowledge, representation, retrieval, and processing. Classic errors in the judgment and decision making literature, such as risky-choice framing and the conjunction fallacy, are accounted for by fuzzy trace theory and new results generated by the theory contradict traditional approaches. We also describe how developmental changes in brain and behavior offer crucial insight into adult cognitive processing. Research investigating brain and behavior in developing and special populations supports fuzzy trace theory’s predictions about reliance on gist processing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Categories, Dimensions and Mechanisms of Emotions in the Studies of Pro-environmental Behavior WANG Jianming; WU Longchang Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (12): 2153-2166.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.02153 Abstract （834）            Knowledge map    As the pro-environmental behavior has been well studied for 20 years, more and more researchers urge to know how emotion affects the pro-environmental behavior. There is a general conclusion that emotion significantly affects pro-environmental behavior and, compared to recognition, it plays a more important role in pro-environmental behavior. It is the first time that the outbound scholars' studies on the emotion and pro-environmental behavior are reviewed. There are four criteria in the categories and dimensions of emotions in the area of pro-environmental behavior: apparent form, consensual structure, time dimension and ascription of responsibility. Mechanisms for the influence of emotion on pro-environmental behavior can be analyzed by reviewing three types of roles that emotion plays in pro-environmental behavior models. When using extended norm activation model and extended theory of planned behavior, emotion is significantly important due to its crucial contributions in the explanatory power of these models. For the study of pro-environmental behavior, future research should be focused on emotion's measurement paradigm, research depth and dynamic mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of context on empathy CHEN Wuying; LIU Lianqi Advances in Psychological Science    2016, 24 (1): 91-100.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00091 Abstract （2116）            Knowledge map    This review provides a brief introduction of the research about the impact of context on empathy. Empathy is defined as the propensity to “share and understand other’s feelings during interpersonal interaction”. It includes two components of cognitive empathy and emotional empathy. Empathy appears to be a very situational cognitive process as the context has an effect on empathy. The privacy and meaning of the specific context influence the occurance or intensity of empathy. Group membership and interpersonal relationship also influence the processing of empathy. The contextual factors trigger empathic responses through automatic and controlled processing. Although much progress has been made in the field of the contextual effects on empathy, more work could be done in the future. The connotation of contextual factors is worthy to be explored in the future. We could take the perspective of people who empathize with others to confirm how the contextual effect on empathy is moderated by individual differences. Additionally, we can try to explore the mechanism of contextual effects on empathy under the background of cognitive processing. Related Articles | Metrics

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What is the minimum number of effect sizes required in meta-regression? An estimation based on statistical power and estimation precision FANG Junyan, ZHANG Minqiang Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (4): 673-680.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00673 Abstract （507）            Knowledge map    Meta-regression is the most frequently used technique for identifying moderators in meta-analysis. In this study, main principles and basic models of meta-analysis and meta-regression were briefly introduced first. Then a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to investigate the minimum number of the effect size required in meta-regression based on statistical power and estimation precision. The results showed that (1) the Wald-type z test was prone to type I error in meta-regression; (2) at least 20 effect sizes were needed to meet parameter estimation requirements; (3) and inclusion of proper moderators could reduce the number of effect size required. Therefore, it is suggested that (1) meta-analysts should be careful when using the CMA software and the Wald-type z test; (2) at least 20 or more effect sizes are generally needed based on different situations; (3) exploration of moderators is necessary; (4) reviewers can value a meta-analysis research according to the minimum number of effect size required. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mixture Model Method: A new method to handle aberrant responses in psychological and educational testing LIU Yue, LIU Hongyun Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (9): 1696-1710.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01696 Abstract （234）            Knowledge map    Aberrant responses have been repeatedly reported in psychological and educational measurement. If traditional measurement models or methods (e.g., item response theory, IRT) are applied to data sets contaminated by aberrant responses, parameter estimates may be biased. Therefore, it is necessary to identify aberrant responses and to reduce their detrimental effects. In the literature, there are two traditional response time (RT)-based methods to detect aberrant responses: RT threshold method and RT residual method. The focus of these methods is to find a threshold of RT or RT residual. If a RT or RT residual is remarkably less than the threshold, this response should be regarded as an aberrant response with extremely short RT (e.g., speededness, rapid-guessing), and consequently does not provide information about the test taker's latent trait. Afterwards, down-weighting strategy, which tries to limit the influence of aberrant responses on parameter estimation by reducing their weight in the sample, can be applied. The mixture model method (MMM), is a new method proposed to handle data contaminated by aberrant responses. This method applies the accommodating strategy, which is to extend a model in order to account for the contaminations directly. MMM shows more advantages in terms of: (1) detecting aberrant responses and obtaining parameter estimates simultaneously, instead of two steps (detecting and down-weighting); (2) precisely recovering the severity of aberrant responding. There are two categories of MMM. The first category of methods assumes that the classification (i.e., whether the item is answered normally or aberrantly) can be predicted by RT. While the second category is a natural extension of van der Linden's (2007) hierarchical model, which models responses and RTs jointly. In this method, the observed RT, as well as the correct response probability of each item-by-person encounter can be decomposed to RT (or probability) caused by normal response and that caused by aberrant response according to the most important difference between the two distinct behaviors. This method leads to more precisely estimated item and person parameters, as well as excellent classification of aberrant/normal behavior. First, this article compares the basic logic of the two traditional RT-based methods and MMM. Aberrant responses are regarded as outliers in both RT threshold method and RT residual method. Therefore, they rely heavily on the severity of aberrance. If data set is contaminated by aberrant responses seriously, the observed RT (or RT residual) distribution will be different from the expected distribution, which in turn leads to low power and sometimes high false detection rate. On the other hand, MMM, which assumes that both observed RT and correct response probability follow a mixture distribution, treats aberrant and normal responses equally. In that way, it has little reliance on the severity of aberrance. In addition to that, MMM can apply to the situation when all the respondents actually respond regularly in theoretic. In that situation, all the responses are assumed to be classified into one category. Second, this article summarizes the disadvantages of the three methods. MMM has three primary limitations: (1) it usually relies heavily on strong assumptions, which means that it may not perform well if these assumptions are violated; (2) low proportion of aberrant response may lead to convergence problem and model identification problem; (3) it is quite complex and time-consuming. In all, practitioners should choose a proper method according to the characteristics of tests and categories of aberrant responses (e.g., rapid-guessing, item with preknowledge, cheating). In the end, this article suggests future researches may investigate the performance of MMM when its assumptions are violated or data consists of more types of aberrant response patterns. Fixing item parameter estimates, proposing some index to help choosing suitable methods, are encouraged to improve the efficiency of MMM. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development and Prospect of Researches on Moral Sensitivity Zheng Xinjun;Ceng Guozhen null    2007, 15 (01): 108-115.   Abstract （1678）            Knowledge map    Moral sensitivity is apperception and interpretation ability to the moral implication of situation. It is logically initial psychological component during moral behavior produce procedure. Moral sensitivity is closely related to automatic process toward situations and concomitant “gut feelings”. Individual moral sensitivity is probably influenced by context and character of situation, individual role-involving, moral schemas, personality trait，and so on. Currently, there have been some positive outcomes in moral sensitivity research on children’s earlier development, professional ethic and measure approach, and so on. However, its theoretical construct needs to be further consummated and deepened, its developmental research to be strengthened which is closely related to educational intervention, and its research methods to be improved Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure and Pharmacology Properties of NMDA Receptor HAN Tai-Zhen ;LI Yan-Hai null    2008, 16 (03): 464-474.   Abstract （1918）            Knowledge map    Abstract: Within the large family of excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) constitute a subfamily which involved in refinement of the neural circuits during development and various forms of synaptic plasticity. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates that different NMDA receptor subunits confer complex physiological and pharmacological properties. The number, distribution and subunit composition of NMDA receptors are not static but dynamic in a cell-specific and synaptic specific change during development and neuronal activities. The bi-directional changes in NMDA receptors are the basis of synaptic plasticity remodeling, and the abnormal regulation can lead to the occurrence of nerve - mental illness, such as cocaine addiction and schizophrenia Related Articles | Metrics

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Neural Mechanism at the Self-Others Coordination in Theory of Mind ZHANG Hui;SU Yan-Jie null    2008, 16 (03): 480-485.   Abstract （2235）            Knowledge map    Abstract: The neural mechanism in Theory of Mind has not yet led to a consensus. However, if we examine it from the self-others coordination, we could regard it as a systematical functions on multiple brain areas. As egocentrism bias is a default mode of the human cognition, inhibition would be necessary for appropriate attribution to the others’ mental state. Hence, at least the following four processes are needed: a) simulation would be made by the mirror neuron system when the mental state between the self and the others is consistent; b) representation generated about the mental state which based on the others-objects dyadic relationship is responded to the temporoparietal junction; c) the inhibition to simulation would be functioned by the dorsolateral frontal lobe; d) and the coordination of all above processes would be purposed by the medial prefrontal cortex Related Articles | Metrics

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A Meta-analysis of Relationship Between Subjective Well-being and Big Three Personality CHEN Can-Rui;GAO Yan-Hong;SHEN He-Yong null    2012, 20 (1): 19-26.   Abstract （1514）            Knowledge map    The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB), big three personality, and the factors affecting this relationship. In the present study, 43 retrievable literatures including 16377 participants were reviewed. We found the following results: (1) Extroversion of EPQ had positive correlation with SWB, while neuroticism and psychoticism had negative. In comparison with foreign researches, the correlation between SWB, extroversion and neuroticism of Chinese participants were stronger. The conjunctions of personality and culture played an important role of SWB among Chinese participants. (2)The difference of SWB structure had no significant influence on correlation between SWB and big three personality. Therefore, the structure of SWB needs to be more standard and clearer. (3) The correlation between SWB and extroversion was regulated by age, while neuroticism and psychoticism were not. Finally, the results and direction of further research were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics