ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
CN 11-1911/B
Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (6): 1160-1182.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1160
• Reports of Empirical Studies • Previous Articles Next Articles
MA Chao, ZHAO Lu, ZHAO Xin(
)
Received:2025-03-27
Published:2026-06-25
Online:2026-04-28
Contact:
ZHAO Xin
E-mail:psyzhaoxin@nwnu.edu.cn
Supported by:MA Chao, ZHAO Lu, ZHAO Xin. (2026). Beyond the Screen: Sports Video Game Training Can Better Enhance Children’s Executive Functions. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(6), 1160-1182.
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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1160
Figure 1. The overall research idea and framework diagram of this study
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports video game training group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 11.43 ± 0.50 |
| Sports + video game training group | 30 | 13 | 17 | 11.33 ± 0.48 |
| Pure sports training group | 30 | 17 | 13 | 11.40 ± 0.62 |
| Pure video game training group | 30 | 18 | 12 | 11.50 ± 0.57 |
| Control group | 30 | 16 | 14 | 11.27 ± 0.45 |
| Total | 150 | 78 | 72 | 11.39 ± 0.53 |
Table 1 Demographic variables of participants in Experiment 1
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports video game training group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 11.43 ± 0.50 |
| Sports + video game training group | 30 | 13 | 17 | 11.33 ± 0.48 |
| Pure sports training group | 30 | 17 | 13 | 11.40 ± 0.62 |
| Pure video game training group | 30 | 18 | 12 | 11.50 ± 0.57 |
| Control group | 30 | 16 | 14 | 11.27 ± 0.45 |
| Total | 150 | 78 | 72 | 11.39 ± 0.53 |
Figure 2. Implementation flowchart of Experiment 1.
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | p | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Task Interference Effect (ms) | Test Phase | (4,145) | 1.73 | 0.180 | 0.01 |
| Group | (4,145) | 0.82 | 0.513 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.35 | 0.947 | 0.01 | ||
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (4,145) | 10.22 | <0.001*** | 0.07 |
| Group | (4,145) | 3.70 | 0.007** | 0.09 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.85 | 0.562 | 0.02 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (4,145) | 31.38 | <0.001*** | 0.18 |
| Group | (4,145) | 8.21 | <0.001*** | 0.19 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 2.82 | 0.005** | 0.07 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Attention Switching Task Switching Cost (ms) | Test Phase | (4,145) | 10.46 | <0.001*** | 0.07 |
| Group | (4,145) | 1.75 | 0.143 | 0.05 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.47 | 0.865 | 0.01 |
Table 2 Improvement effects of executive function sub-components in children before and after intervention in each group
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | p | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Task Interference Effect (ms) | Test Phase | (4,145) | 1.73 | 0.180 | 0.01 |
| Group | (4,145) | 0.82 | 0.513 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.35 | 0.947 | 0.01 | ||
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (4,145) | 10.22 | <0.001*** | 0.07 |
| Group | (4,145) | 3.70 | 0.007** | 0.09 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.85 | 0.562 | 0.02 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (4,145) | 31.38 | <0.001*** | 0.18 |
| Group | (4,145) | 8.21 | <0.001*** | 0.19 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 2.82 | 0.005** | 0.07 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Attention Switching Task Switching Cost (ms) | Test Phase | (4,145) | 10.46 | <0.001*** | 0.07 |
| Group | (4,145) | 1.75 | 0.143 | 0.05 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (4,145) | 0.47 | 0.865 | 0.01 |
Figure 3. Trends in interference inhibition scores for the five experimental groups before and after training
Figure 4. Trends in response inhibition scores for the five experimental groups before and after training.
Figure 5. Trends in working memory updating scores for the five experimental groups before and after training.
Figure 6. Trends in attention shifting scores for the five experimental groups before and after training.
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 17 | 13 | 12.30 ± 0.54 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 15 | 15 | 12.53 ± 0.68 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 12.50 ± 0.57 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 18 | 12 | 12.43 ± 0.63 |
| Total | 120 | 64 | 56 | 12.44 ± 0.61 |
Table 3 Demographic variables of participants in Experiment 2
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 17 | 13 | 12.30 ± 0.54 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 15 | 15 | 12.53 ± 0.68 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 12.50 ± 0.57 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 30 | 18 | 12 | 12.43 ± 0.63 |
| Total | 120 | 64 | 56 | 12.44 ± 0.61 |
Figure 7. Implementation Flowchart of Experiment 2.
| Group | Sport Intensity | Cognitive Engagement | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 15.98 | 0.63 | 4.64 | 0.48 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 7.62 | 0.60 | 4.65 | 0.48 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 15.94 | 1.01 | 1.35 | 0.74 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 7.57 | 0.62 | 1.36 | 0.62 |
| P | <0.001*** | <0.001*** | ||
Table 4 Analysis of Manipulation Validity in Experiment 2
| Group | Sport Intensity | Cognitive Engagement | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 15.98 | 0.63 | 4.64 | 0.48 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 7.62 | 0.60 | 4.65 | 0.48 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 15.94 | 1.01 | 1.35 | 0.74 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 7.57 | 0.62 | 1.36 | 0.62 |
| P | <0.001*** | <0.001*** | ||
Figure 8. Visual Distribution of Sport Intensity Scores After Each Intervention for Each Group in Experiment 2.
Figure 9. Visual Distribution of Cognitive Engagement Scores After Each Intervention for Each Group in Experiment 2.
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | P | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (3, 116) | 29.88 | <0.001*** | 0.21 |
| Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 18.84 | <0.001*** | 0.14 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 0.84 | 0.435 | 0.01 | ||
| Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 70.78 | <0.001*** | 0.38 | ||
| Test Phase×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 13.17 | <0.001*** | 0.10 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 0.58 | 0.558 | 0.01 | ||
| Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 1.20 | 0.276 | 0.01 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (3, 116) | 297.25 | <0.001*** | 0.72 |
| Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 40.65 | <0.001*** | 0.26 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 18.55 | <0.001*** | 0.14 | ||
| Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 138.78 | <0.001*** | 0.55 | ||
| Test Phase×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 42.94 | <0.001*** | 0.27 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 2.05 | 0.140 | 0.02 | ||
| Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.00 |
Table 5 Effects of Sport Intensity and Cognitive Engagement on Response Inhibition and Working Memory Updating Before and After Intervention
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | P | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (3, 116) | 29.88 | <0.001*** | 0.21 |
| Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 18.84 | <0.001*** | 0.14 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 0.84 | 0.435 | 0.01 | ||
| Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 70.78 | <0.001*** | 0.38 | ||
| Test Phase×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 13.17 | <0.001*** | 0.10 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 0.58 | 0.558 | 0.01 | ||
| Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 1.20 | 0.276 | 0.01 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (3, 116) | 297.25 | <0.001*** | 0.72 |
| Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 40.65 | <0.001*** | 0.26 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity | (3, 116) | 18.55 | <0.001*** | 0.14 | ||
| Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 138.78 | <0.001*** | 0.55 | ||
| Test Phase×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 42.94 | <0.001*** | 0.27 | ||
| Test Phase×Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 2.05 | 0.140 | 0.02 | ||
| Sport Intensity×Cognitive Engagement | (3, 116) | 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.00 |
Figure 10. Trends in Response Inhibition and Working Memory Updating Scores Before and After Training for the Four Experimental Groups.
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports Video Game Training Group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 19.17 ± 0.87 |
| Sports + Video Game Training Group | 30 | 13 | 17 | 19.37 ± 0.89 |
| Control Group | 30 | 16 | 14 | 19.00 ± 0.95 |
| Total | 90 | 43 | 47 | 19.18 ± 0.91 |
Table S1 Demographic Variables of Participants in the Supplementary Experiment
| Group | Total | Male | Female | Age (M ± SD, years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports Video Game Training Group | 30 | 14 | 16 | 19.17 ± 0.87 |
| Sports + Video Game Training Group | 30 | 13 | 17 | 19.37 ± 0.89 |
| Control Group | 30 | 16 | 14 | 19.00 ± 0.95 |
| Total | 90 | 43 | 47 | 19.18 ± 0.91 |
| Variable | Sports Video Game Training Group | Sports + Video Game Training Group | Control Group | F(2, 87) | p | η2p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | |||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Interference Inhibition | |||||||||
| Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | -41.27 | 45.93 | -31.28 | 57.15 | -14.81 | 45.86 | 1.42 | 0.25 | 0.03 |
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.05 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.89 | 0.14 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.86 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| Attention Shifting | |||||||||
| Switch Cost (ms) | -284.75 | 193.22 | -240.99 | 184.14 | -320.54 | 243.95 | 1.09 | 0.34 | 0.02 |
Table S2 Descriptive Statistics and ANOVA Results for Baseline Levels of Variables in Young Adults (Supplementary Experiment)
| Variable | Sports Video Game Training Group | Sports + Video Game Training Group | Control Group | F(2, 87) | p | η2p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | |||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Interference Inhibition | |||||||||
| Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | -41.27 | 45.93 | -31.28 | 57.15 | -14.81 | 45.86 | 1.42 | 0.25 | 0.03 |
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.05 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.89 | 0.14 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.86 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| Attention Shifting | |||||||||
| Switch Cost (ms) | -284.75 | 193.22 | -240.99 | 184.14 | -320.54 | 243.95 | 1.09 | 0.34 | 0.02 |
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | P | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Task Interference Effect (ms) | Test Phase | (2,87) | 0.66 | 0.518 | 0.01 |
| Group | (2,87) | 0.77 | 0.465 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 4.50 | 0.003** | 0.09 | ||
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (2,87) | 0.08 | 0.921 | 0.00 |
| Group | (2,87) | 4.36 | 0.016 | 0.09 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.21 | 0.309 | 0.03 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (2,87) | 9.07 | <0.001*** | 0.09 |
| Group | (2,87) | 6.60 | 0.002** | 0.13 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.21 | 0.310 | 0.03 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Attention Switching Task Switching Cost (ms) | Test Phase | (2,87) | 17.02 | <0.001*** | 0.16 |
| Group | (2,87) | 0.76 | 0.471 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.12 | 0.346 | 0.03 |
Table S3 Improvement Effects of Executive Function Sub-components in Young Adults Before and After Intervention
| Variable | Task Indicator | Factor | dfs | F | P | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Task Interference Effect (ms) | Test Phase | (2,87) | 0.66 | 0.518 | 0.01 |
| Group | (2,87) | 0.77 | 0.465 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 4.50 | 0.003** | 0.09 | ||
| Response Inhibition | Go/No-go Task No-go Accuracy | Test Phase | (2,87) | 0.08 | 0.921 | 0.00 |
| Group | (2,87) | 4.36 | 0.016 | 0.09 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.21 | 0.309 | 0.03 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Digital Updating Task Average Accuracy | Test Phase | (2,87) | 9.07 | <0.001*** | 0.09 |
| Group | (2,87) | 6.60 | 0.002** | 0.13 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.21 | 0.310 | 0.03 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Attention Switching Task Switching Cost (ms) | Test Phase | (2,87) | 17.02 | <0.001*** | 0.16 |
| Group | (2,87) | 0.76 | 0.471 | 0.02 | ||
| Test Phase × Group | (2,87) | 1.12 | 0.346 | 0.03 |
Figure S1. Trends in Interference Inhibition Scores Before and After Training Across Three Experimental Groups.
Figure S2. Trends in Response Inhibition Scores Before and After Training Across Three Experimental Groups.
Figure S3. Trends in Working Memory Updating Scores Before and After Training Across Three Experimental Groups.
Figure S4. rends in Attention Shifting Scores Before and After Training Across Three Experimental Groups.
| Variable | Sports Video Game Training Group | Sports + Video Game Training Group | Pure Sports Training Group | Pure Video Game Training Group | Control Group | F (4, 145) | p | η2p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | |||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Interference Inhibition | |||||||||||||
| Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | -21.57 | 55.96 | -28.66 | 51.66 | -25.24 | 41.97 | -18.42 | 41.78 | 9.67 | 71.12 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.02 |
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.12 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.01 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.52 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 1.70 | 1.15 | 0.05 |
| Attention Shifting | |||||||||||||
| Switch Cost (ms) | -191.70 | 262.41 | -143.03 | 219.53 | -149.85 | 225.32 | -155.26 | 165.43 | 104.10 | 151.42 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.02 |
Table S3 Descriptive Statistics and ANOVA Results for Baseline Levels of Variables in Children (Experiment 1)
| Variable | Sports Video Game Training Group | Sports + Video Game Training Group | Pure Sports Training Group | Pure Video Game Training Group | Control Group | F (4, 145) | p | η2p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | |||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Interference Inhibition | |||||||||||||
| Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | -21.57 | 55.96 | -28.66 | 51.66 | -25.24 | 41.97 | -18.42 | 41.78 | 9.67 | 71.12 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.02 |
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.12 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.01 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.52 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 1.70 | 1.15 | 0.05 |
| Attention Shifting | |||||||||||||
| Switch Cost (ms) | -191.70 | 262.41 | -143.03 | 219.53 | -149.85 | 225.32 | -155.26 | 165.43 | 104.10 | 151.42 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.02 |
| Variable | Task Indicator | Group | T0 (M ± SD) | T1 (M ± SD) | T2 (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | Sports video game training group | -21.57 ± 55.96 | -8.45 ± 75.47 | -4.18 ± 52.15 |
| Sports + video game training group | -28.66 ± 51.66 | -33.90 ± 60.00 | -4.21 ± 85.38 | ||
| Pure sports training group | -25.24 ± 41.97 | -25.61 ± 53.90 | -20.08 ± 78.95 | ||
| Pure video game training group | -18.42 ± 41.78 | -15.64 ± 77.01 | -8.63 ± 40.86 | ||
| Control group | -9.67 ± 71.12 | -21.85 ± 62.08 | -7.92 ± 63.30 | ||
| Response Inhibition | No-go Accuracy | Sports video game training group | 0.82 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.03 |
| Sports + video game training group | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | ||
| Pure sports training group | 0.81 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | ||
| Pure video game training group | 0.79 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | ||
| Control group | 0.80 ± 0.17 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Average Accuracy | Sports video game training group | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.78 ± 0.16 |
| Sports + video game training group | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 0.62 ± 0.14 | ||
| Pure sports training group | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.10 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | ||
| Pure video game training group | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.17 | 0.66 ± 0.18 | ||
| Control group | 0.47 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.60 ± 0.17 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Switch Cost (ms) | Sports video game training group | -191.70 ± 262.41 | -139.67 ± 164.56 | -66.31 ± 100.19 |
| Sports + video game training group | -143.03 ± 219.52 | -141.95 ± 164.58 | -28.31 ± 143.86 | ||
| Pure sports training group | -149.84 ± 225.32 | -131.89 ± 171.60 | -96.58 ± 190.30 | ||
| Pure video game training group | -155.26 ± 165.43 | -146.52 ± 207.96 | -75.27 ± 98.71 | ||
| Control group | -104.10 ± 151.42 | -65.71 ± 127.21 | -41.84 ± 140.20 |
Table S4 Descriptive Statistics for Children's Performance in Executive Function Components Before and After Intervention Across Groups (Experiment 1)
| Variable | Task Indicator | Group | T0 (M ± SD) | T1 (M ± SD) | T2 (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interference Inhibition | Stroop Interference Effect (ms) | Sports video game training group | -21.57 ± 55.96 | -8.45 ± 75.47 | -4.18 ± 52.15 |
| Sports + video game training group | -28.66 ± 51.66 | -33.90 ± 60.00 | -4.21 ± 85.38 | ||
| Pure sports training group | -25.24 ± 41.97 | -25.61 ± 53.90 | -20.08 ± 78.95 | ||
| Pure video game training group | -18.42 ± 41.78 | -15.64 ± 77.01 | -8.63 ± 40.86 | ||
| Control group | -9.67 ± 71.12 | -21.85 ± 62.08 | -7.92 ± 63.30 | ||
| Response Inhibition | No-go Accuracy | Sports video game training group | 0.82 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.03 |
| Sports + video game training group | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | ||
| Pure sports training group | 0.81 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | ||
| Pure video game training group | 0.79 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | ||
| Control group | 0.80 ± 0.17 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Average Accuracy | Sports video game training group | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.78 ± 0.16 |
| Sports + video game training group | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 0.62 ± 0.14 | ||
| Pure sports training group | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.10 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | ||
| Pure video game training group | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.17 | 0.66 ± 0.18 | ||
| Control group | 0.47 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.60 ± 0.17 | ||
| Attention Shifting | Switch Cost (ms) | Sports video game training group | -191.70 ± 262.41 | -139.67 ± 164.56 | -66.31 ± 100.19 |
| Sports + video game training group | -143.03 ± 219.52 | -141.95 ± 164.58 | -28.31 ± 143.86 | ||
| Pure sports training group | -149.84 ± 225.32 | -131.89 ± 171.60 | -96.58 ± 190.30 | ||
| Pure video game training group | -155.26 ± 165.43 | -146.52 ± 207.96 | -75.27 ± 98.71 | ||
| Control group | -104.10 ± 151.42 | -65.71 ± 127.21 | -41.84 ± 140.20 |
| Group | Sport Intensity | |
|---|---|---|
| M | SD | |
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 137.41 | 1.46 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 92.28 | 1.45 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 142.46 | 1.44 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 97.34 | 1.41 |
| P | <0.001*** | |
Table S5 Supplementary Analysis of Manipulation Validity for Sport Intensity in Experiment 2 (Polar RS400 Average Heart Rate)
| Group | Sport Intensity | |
|---|---|---|
| M | SD | |
| High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 137.41 | 1.46 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 92.28 | 1.45 |
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 142.46 | 1.44 |
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 97.34 | 1.41 |
| P | <0.001*** | |
| Variable | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | F(3, 116) | p | η2p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | ||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.76 | 0.09 | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 1.77 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 2.65 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Table S6 Descriptive Statistics and ANOVA Results for Baseline Levels of Variables in Children (Experiment 2)
| Variable | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | F(3, 116) | p | η2p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | ||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Response Inhibition | |||||||||||
| No-go Accuracy | 0.76 | 0.09 | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 1.77 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
| Working Memory Updating | |||||||||||
| Average Accuracy | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 2.65 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Variable | Task Indicator | Group | T0 (M ± SD) | T1 (M ± SD) | T2 (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response Inhibition | No-go Accuracy | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.04 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | ||
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.74 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | ||
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Average Accuracy | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.05 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | ||
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.70 ± 0.07 | ||
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.04 |
Table S7 Descriptive Statistics for Children's Performance in Response Inhibition and Working Memory Updating Before and After Intervention Across Groups (Experiment 2)
| Variable | Task Indicator | Group | T0 (M ± SD) | T1 (M ± SD) | T2 (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response Inhibition | No-go Accuracy | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.04 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | ||
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.74 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | ||
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | ||
| Working Memory Updating | Average Accuracy | High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.05 |
| Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | ||
| High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.70 ± 0.07 | ||
| Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.04 |
Figure S5. Examples of Experimental Tasks for Pre- and Post-test Executive Function Assessment.
Figure S6. Specific Intervention Methods for the Sports Video Game Training Group (Experiment 1). Note: Due to ethical considerations, all real intervention photos in this study were processed using AI anime filters. The same applies below.
Figure S7. Specific Intervention Methods for the Sports + Video Game Training Group (Experiment 1).
Figure S8. Specific Intervention Methods for the Pure Exercise Training Group (Experiment 1).
Figure S9. Specific Intervention Methods for the Pure Video Game Training Group (Experiment 1).
Figure S10. Specific Intervention Methods for the Control Group (Experiment 1).
Figure S11. Specific Intervention Methods for the High Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group (Experiment 2).
Figure S12. Specific Intervention Methods for the Low Sport Intensity + High Cognitive Engagement Group (Experiment 2).
Figure S13. Specific Intervention Methods for the High Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group (Experiment 2).
Figure S14. Specific Intervention Methods for the Low Sport Intensity + Low Cognitive Engagement Group (Experiment 2).
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