ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
CN 11-1911/B
Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 828-849.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00828
• Reports of Empirical Studies • Previous Articles Next Articles
LIAO Youguo1,2, CHEN Jianwen2(
), ZHANG Yan2, PENG Cong2
Received:2021-04-06
Published:2022-07-25
Online:2022-05-19
Contact:
CHEN Jianwen
E-mail:chenjianwen@hust.edu.cn
Supported by:LIAO Youguo, CHEN Jianwen, ZHANG Yan, PENG Cong. (2022). The reciprocal relationship between peer victimization and internalizing problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(7), 828-849.
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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00828
Figure 1. Literature search and study selection flow diagram
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrian | USA | 287 | - | 0.33 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.34 | 0.13 | - | |
| Arora | USA | 232 | 12.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.53 | 0.28 | - | |
| Barchia | Australia | 1167 | 13.30 | 0.67 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
| Boivin | Canada | 567 | 10.83 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
| Brown | USA | 294 | 8.71 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 0.37 | - | 0.20 | |
| Burke | Switzerland | 837 | 13.20 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
| Chen | China | 1987 | 12.32 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.55 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| Cooley | USA | 464 | 8.64 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.43 | 0.16 | - | |
| Cooley | USA | 228 | 8.32 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.36 | - | 0.16 | |
| Desjardins | Canada | 580 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.36 | |
| Dill | USA | 296 | - | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 2, 3, 5 | 0.39 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
| Doyle | USA | 437 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.24 | |
| Drazdowski | USA | 317 | 12.10 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.17 | |
| Ehrlich | USA | 692 | 15.62 | 0.25 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.29 | - | 0.11 | |
| Erath | USA | 123 | 12.03 | 0.83 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.57 | 0.28 | - | |
| Forbes | Australia | 4169 | 10.30 | 2.00 | Combined | Combined | 1, 3, 5 | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.09 | |
| Fox | USA | 178 | 9.58 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.43 | 0.11 | - | |
| Gibb | USA | 100 | 9.97 | 0.17 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.20 | |
| Griese | USA | 511 | 10.62 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.34 | 0.09 | - | |
| Hanish | USA | 1469 | - | 2.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.04 | |
| Healy | Australia | 111 | 8.72 | 0.75 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3 | -0.09 | -0.01 | 0.21 | |
| Helms | USA | 313 | 17.13 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.01 | 0.07 | - | |
| Henrich | Israel | 1081 | 11.00 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3 | 0.16 | 0.05 | - | |
| Herzig | USA | 286 | 13.51 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.07 | |
| Hodges | USA | 173 | 11.30 | 1.00 | Peers | Peers | 0 | 0.69 | 0.12 | 0.17 | |
| Hodges | Canada | 393 | 10.00 | 1.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.08 | |
| Irwin | Canada | 396 | 11.80 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.18 | |
| Isaacs | Finland | 177 | - | 8.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.10 | 0.23 | - | |
| Kawabata | Japan | 528 | - | Within 1 year | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.10 | |
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
| Knoble | USA | 302 | 11.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.43 | - | 0.23 | |
| Knoble | USA | 291 | 11.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.29 | - | 0.06 | |
| Kochel | USA | 483 | 11.10 | 1.00 | Peers | Parents | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.18 | |
| Kochel | USA | 380 | 9.93 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |
| Kochel | USA | 230 | 9.48 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.14 | |
| Krygsman | Canada | 464 | 12.00 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | |
| Krygsman | Canada | 703 | 11.91 | 1.00 | Self-report | Peers | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| Landoll | USA | 941 | 15.80 | 0.13 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.08 | |
| Leadbeater | Canada | 578 | 15.52 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| Leeuwis | Netherlands | 330 | 11.20 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.05 | |
| Lepore | USA | 986 | 12.81 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3, 4 | 0.40 | 0.15 | - | |
| Liu | China | 945 | 10.16 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.04 | |
| Loukas | USA | 227 | 11.69 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.52 | 0.22 | - | |
| Loukas | USA | 263 | 11.69 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.47 | 0.19 | - | |
| Machmutow | Switzerland | 765 | 13.18 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 5 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| McConnell | USA | 123 | 12.03 | 0.83 | Teacher | Self-report | 0 | 0.22 | 0.12 | - | |
| McLaughlin | USA | 1065 | - | 0.58 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.08 | |
| Mlawer | USA | 1264 | 10.10 | 0.58 | Self-report | Teacher | 1, 2, 3 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.04 | |
| Morabito | USA | 317 | 12.42 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.15 | |
| Mulder | Netherlands | 748 | 12.00 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| Mulder | Netherlands | 755 | 12.00 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| Noret | England | 533 | 12.56 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3, 5 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.12 | |
| Pan | China | 466 | 12.80 | 0.50 | Self-report | Parents | 0 | 0.20 | 0.07 | - | |
| Perren | USA | 478 | 10.59 | 2.00 | Peers | Combined | 0 | 0.15 | 0.19 | - | |
| Perron | Canada | 1250 | 8.00 | 2.00 | Teacher | Teacher | 0 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
| Rao | USA | 1132 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.27 | |
| Rodriguez | USA | 581 | 9.30 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
| Rudolph | USA | 132 | 9.46 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.49 | 0.24 | - | |
| Saint-Georges | Canada | 612 | 12.40 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.14 | |
| Santo | Canada | 100 | 10.52 | 0.33 | Peers | Peers | 0 | 0.68 | 0.42 | - | |
| Schacter | USA | 5374 | – | 1.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.31 | - | 0.12 | |
| Schwartz | USA | 276 | 8.50 | – | Peers | Parents | 0 | 0.11 | 0.03 | - | |
| Sentse | Finland | 2772 | 14.00 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| Sentse | Finland | 2873 | 14.00 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
| Shapero | USA | 216 | 14.00 | 0.73 | Self-report | Self-report | 3 | 0.38 | - | 0.12 | |
| Siegel | USA | 228 | 16.00 | 0.17 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| Spence | Australia | 255 | 12.14 | 0.25 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.29 | - | 0.08 | |
| Storch | USA | 144 | 13.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.16 | |
| Sugimura | USA | 273 | 7.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.08 | - | 0.17 | |
| Sugimura | USA | 303 | 7.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.07 | - | -0.01 | |
| Sweeting | Scotland | 1149 | 11.00 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.14 | |
| Sweeting | Scotland | 1222 | 11.00 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
| Tran | USA | 303 | 10.90 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.21 | |
| Tran | USA | 295 | 10.90 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.48 | -0.12 | 0.30 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 527 | 8.94 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 190 | 9.30 | 0.50 | Peers | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.05 | |
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 170 | 9.34 | 0.50 | Self-report | Teacher | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 196 | 9.34 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.00 | |
| Vaillancourt | Canada | 156 | 12.25 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.22 | |
| van Lier | Canada | 1558 | 7.10 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 0 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.06 | |
| Visconti | USA | 420 | 9.33 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.03 | |
| Wang | Hong Kong, China | 1018 | 9.50 | 1.00 | Peers | Peers | 3, 4 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 0.10 | |
| Wang | USA | 1112 | 12.20 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
| Yeung | Canada | 513 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.14 | |
| Yeung | Canada | 580 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
| Yeung Thompson | Canada | 361 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.16 | |
| Yeung Thompson | Canada | 278 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
| Zapolski | USA | 801 | - | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.13 | |
| Cao | China | 528 | 12.32 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.52 | 0.06 | - | |
| Cao | China | 535 | 12.32 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.33 | -0.03 | - | |
| Chen | China | 1094 | 13.52 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.19 | |
| Guo | China | 378 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |
| Ji | China | 1767 | 9.25 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.20 | |
| Ji | China | 1068 | 13.22 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.17 | |
| Li | China | 1508 | 13.27 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| Liu | China | 787 | 9.50 | 2.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | |
| Lou | China | 2036 | 10.26 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 3 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.03 | |
| Xiong | China | 299 | - | 0.42 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.00 | |
| Yang | China | 924 | 12.65 | 1.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.01 | |
| Zhou | China | 274 | 9.70 | 2.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.04 |
Table 1 Study characteristics of included articles
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrian | USA | 287 | - | 0.33 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.34 | 0.13 | - | |
| Arora | USA | 232 | 12.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.53 | 0.28 | - | |
| Barchia | Australia | 1167 | 13.30 | 0.67 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
| Boivin | Canada | 567 | 10.83 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
| Brown | USA | 294 | 8.71 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 0.37 | - | 0.20 | |
| Burke | Switzerland | 837 | 13.20 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
| Chen | China | 1987 | 12.32 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.55 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| Cooley | USA | 464 | 8.64 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.43 | 0.16 | - | |
| Cooley | USA | 228 | 8.32 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.36 | - | 0.16 | |
| Desjardins | Canada | 580 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.36 | |
| Dill | USA | 296 | - | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 2, 3, 5 | 0.39 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
| Doyle | USA | 437 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.24 | |
| Drazdowski | USA | 317 | 12.10 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.17 | |
| Ehrlich | USA | 692 | 15.62 | 0.25 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.29 | - | 0.11 | |
| Erath | USA | 123 | 12.03 | 0.83 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.57 | 0.28 | - | |
| Forbes | Australia | 4169 | 10.30 | 2.00 | Combined | Combined | 1, 3, 5 | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.09 | |
| Fox | USA | 178 | 9.58 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.43 | 0.11 | - | |
| Gibb | USA | 100 | 9.97 | 0.17 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.20 | |
| Griese | USA | 511 | 10.62 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.34 | 0.09 | - | |
| Hanish | USA | 1469 | - | 2.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.04 | |
| Healy | Australia | 111 | 8.72 | 0.75 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3 | -0.09 | -0.01 | 0.21 | |
| Helms | USA | 313 | 17.13 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.01 | 0.07 | - | |
| Henrich | Israel | 1081 | 11.00 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3 | 0.16 | 0.05 | - | |
| Herzig | USA | 286 | 13.51 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.07 | |
| Hodges | USA | 173 | 11.30 | 1.00 | Peers | Peers | 0 | 0.69 | 0.12 | 0.17 | |
| Hodges | Canada | 393 | 10.00 | 1.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.08 | |
| Irwin | Canada | 396 | 11.80 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.18 | |
| Isaacs | Finland | 177 | - | 8.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.10 | 0.23 | - | |
| Kawabata | Japan | 528 | - | Within 1 year | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.10 | |
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
| Knoble | USA | 302 | 11.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.43 | - | 0.23 | |
| Knoble | USA | 291 | 11.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.29 | - | 0.06 | |
| Kochel | USA | 483 | 11.10 | 1.00 | Peers | Parents | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.18 | |
| Kochel | USA | 380 | 9.93 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |
| Kochel | USA | 230 | 9.48 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.14 | |
| Krygsman | Canada | 464 | 12.00 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | |
| Krygsman | Canada | 703 | 11.91 | 1.00 | Self-report | Peers | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| Landoll | USA | 941 | 15.80 | 0.13 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.08 | |
| Leadbeater | Canada | 578 | 15.52 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| Leeuwis | Netherlands | 330 | 11.20 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.05 | |
| Lepore | USA | 986 | 12.81 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3, 4 | 0.40 | 0.15 | - | |
| Liu | China | 945 | 10.16 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.04 | |
| Loukas | USA | 227 | 11.69 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.52 | 0.22 | - | |
| Loukas | USA | 263 | 11.69 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.47 | 0.19 | - | |
| Machmutow | Switzerland | 765 | 13.18 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 5 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
| McConnell | USA | 123 | 12.03 | 0.83 | Teacher | Self-report | 0 | 0.22 | 0.12 | - | |
| McLaughlin | USA | 1065 | - | 0.58 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.08 | |
| Mlawer | USA | 1264 | 10.10 | 0.58 | Self-report | Teacher | 1, 2, 3 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.04 | |
| Morabito | USA | 317 | 12.42 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.15 | |
| Mulder | Netherlands | 748 | 12.00 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| Mulder | Netherlands | 755 | 12.00 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| Noret | England | 533 | 12.56 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3, 5 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.12 | |
| Pan | China | 466 | 12.80 | 0.50 | Self-report | Parents | 0 | 0.20 | 0.07 | - | |
| Perren | USA | 478 | 10.59 | 2.00 | Peers | Combined | 0 | 0.15 | 0.19 | - | |
| Perron | Canada | 1250 | 8.00 | 2.00 | Teacher | Teacher | 0 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
| Rao | USA | 1132 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.27 | |
| Rodriguez | USA | 581 | 9.30 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
| Rudolph | USA | 132 | 9.46 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.49 | 0.24 | - | |
| Saint-Georges | Canada | 612 | 12.40 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.14 | |
| Santo | Canada | 100 | 10.52 | 0.33 | Peers | Peers | 0 | 0.68 | 0.42 | - | |
| Schacter | USA | 5374 | – | 1.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.31 | - | 0.12 | |
| Schwartz | USA | 276 | 8.50 | – | Peers | Parents | 0 | 0.11 | 0.03 | - | |
| Sentse | Finland | 2772 | 14.00 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| Sentse | Finland | 2873 | 14.00 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
| Shapero | USA | 216 | 14.00 | 0.73 | Self-report | Self-report | 3 | 0.38 | - | 0.12 | |
| Siegel | USA | 228 | 16.00 | 0.17 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4, 5 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| Spence | Australia | 255 | 12.14 | 0.25 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.29 | - | 0.08 | |
| Storch | USA | 144 | 13.90 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.16 | |
| Sugimura | USA | 273 | 7.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.08 | - | 0.17 | |
| Sugimura | USA | 303 | 7.96 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.07 | - | -0.01 | |
| Sweeting | Scotland | 1149 | 11.00 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.14 | |
| Sweeting | Scotland | 1222 | 11.00 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
| Tran | USA | 303 | 10.90 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.21 | |
| Tran | USA | 295 | 10.90 | 1.00 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.48 | -0.12 | 0.30 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 527 | 8.94 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 190 | 9.30 | 0.50 | Peers | Teacher | 3, 4 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.05 | |
| First author | Year of publication | Country | Sample size | Mean age | Time lag (years) | PV informant | IP informant | Types of victimization | rPV, IP | PV→ IPa | IP→ PVa |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 170 | 9.34 | 0.50 | Self-report | Teacher | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | |
| Troop-Gordon | USA | 196 | 9.34 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.00 | |
| Vaillancourt | Canada | 156 | 12.25 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.22 | |
| van Lier | Canada | 1558 | 7.10 | 1.00 | Self-report | Teacher | 0 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.06 | |
| Visconti | USA | 420 | 9.33 | 0.50 | Peers | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.03 | |
| Wang | Hong Kong, China | 1018 | 9.50 | 1.00 | Peers | Peers | 3, 4 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 0.10 | |
| Wang | USA | 1112 | 12.20 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 3, 4 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
| Yeung | Canada | 513 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.14 | |
| Yeung | Canada | 580 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
| Yeung Thompson | Canada | 361 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.16 | |
| Yeung Thompson | Canada | 278 | 15.50 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
| Zapolski | USA | 801 | - | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 0 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.13 | |
| Cao | China | 528 | 12.32 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.52 | 0.06 | - | |
| Cao | China | 535 | 12.32 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.33 | -0.03 | - | |
| Chen | China | 1094 | 13.52 | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.19 | |
| Guo | China | 378 | - | 0.50 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |
| Ji | China | 1767 | 9.25 | 2.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.20 | |
| Ji | China | 1068 | 13.22 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.17 | |
| Li | China | 1508 | 13.27 | 1.00 | Self-report | Self-report | 1, 3 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| Liu | China | 787 | 9.50 | 2.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | |
| Lou | China | 2036 | 10.26 | 1.00 | Self-report | Parents | 1, 3 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.03 | |
| Xiong | China | 299 | - | 0.42 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.00 | |
| Yang | China | 924 | 12.65 | 1.00 | Peers | Teacher | 0 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.01 | |
| Zhou | China | 274 | 9.70 | 2.00 | Peers | Self-report | 0 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.04 |
Figure 2. Cross-lagged model
| Indicator | Model | k | Heterogeneity | Tau-squared | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q value | df (Q) | p-value | I-squared | Tau Squared | SE | Variance | Tau | |||
| PV→IP | random effect model | 89 | 221.673 | 88 | <0.001 | 60.302 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.047 |
| IP→PV | random effect model | 79 | 260.104 | 78 | <0.001 | 70.012 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.055 |
Table 2 Heterogeneity test results of effect values
| Indicator | Model | k | Heterogeneity | Tau-squared | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q value | df (Q) | p-value | I-squared | Tau Squared | SE | Variance | Tau | |||
| PV→IP | random effect model | 89 | 221.673 | 88 | <0.001 | 60.302 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.047 |
| IP→PV | random effect model | 79 | 260.104 | 78 | <0.001 | 70.012 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.055 |
| Indicator | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | ||
| PV→IP | 89 | 0.097 | 0.083 | 0.110 | 14.012 | <0.001 |
| IP→PV | 79 | 0.119 | 0.104 | 0.135 | 15.068 | <0.001 |
Table 3 A random effect model analysis of the relationship between peer victimization and internalizing problems
| Indicator | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | ||
| PV→IP | 89 | 0.097 | 0.083 | 0.110 | 14.012 | <0.001 |
| IP→PV | 79 | 0.119 | 0.104 | 0.135 | 15.068 | <0.001 |
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.198 | 1 | 0.274 | China | 16 | 0.086 | 0.065 | 0.108 | 7.893 | <0.001 |
| The west | 72 | 0.101 | 0.085 | 0.118 | 12.097 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 4.246 | 1 | 0.039 | Under 12 | 45 | 0.113 | 0.094 | 0.133 | 11.521 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 41 | 0.085 | 0.066 | 0.104 | 8.898 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 0.938 | 1 | 0.333 | Within 1 year | 37 | 0.088 | 0.071 | 0.105 | 10.151 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 51 | 0.101 | 0.081 | 0.120 | 9.978 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of victimization | 7.680 | 1 | 0.006 | Overt victimization | 28 | 0.059 | 0.043 | 0.074 | 7.432 | <0.001 |
| Relationship victimization | 28 | 0.090 | 0.074 | 0.106 | 11.147 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 1.681 | 1 | 0.195 | Same raters | 54 | 0.095 | 0.077 | 0.113 | 10.476 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 12 | 0.069 | 0.033 | 0.105 | 3.732 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 5.647 | 3 | 0.130 | Internalizing problems | 17 | 0.110 | 0.080 | 0.141 | 7.021 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 64 | 0.092 | 0.075 | 0.110 | 10.153 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 22 | 0.070 | 0.049 | 0.090 | 6.667 | <0.001 | ||||
| Loneliness | 6 | 0.102 | 0.057 | 0.146 | 4.470 | <0.001 | ||||
Table 4 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between peer victimization and subsequent internalizing problems
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.198 | 1 | 0.274 | China | 16 | 0.086 | 0.065 | 0.108 | 7.893 | <0.001 |
| The west | 72 | 0.101 | 0.085 | 0.118 | 12.097 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 4.246 | 1 | 0.039 | Under 12 | 45 | 0.113 | 0.094 | 0.133 | 11.521 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 41 | 0.085 | 0.066 | 0.104 | 8.898 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 0.938 | 1 | 0.333 | Within 1 year | 37 | 0.088 | 0.071 | 0.105 | 10.151 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 51 | 0.101 | 0.081 | 0.120 | 9.978 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of victimization | 7.680 | 1 | 0.006 | Overt victimization | 28 | 0.059 | 0.043 | 0.074 | 7.432 | <0.001 |
| Relationship victimization | 28 | 0.090 | 0.074 | 0.106 | 11.147 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 1.681 | 1 | 0.195 | Same raters | 54 | 0.095 | 0.077 | 0.113 | 10.476 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 12 | 0.069 | 0.033 | 0.105 | 3.732 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 5.647 | 3 | 0.130 | Internalizing problems | 17 | 0.110 | 0.080 | 0.141 | 7.021 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 64 | 0.092 | 0.075 | 0.110 | 10.153 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 22 | 0.070 | 0.049 | 0.090 | 6.667 | <0.001 | ||||
| Loneliness | 6 | 0.102 | 0.057 | 0.146 | 4.470 | <0.001 | ||||
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.616 | 1 | 0.204 | China | 13 | 0.098 | 0.059 | 0.136 | 5.014 | <0.001 |
| The west | 65 | 0.125 | 0.107 | 0.142 | 14.089 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.000 | 1 | 0.986 | Under 12 | 41 | 0.114 | 0.092 | 0.137 | 9.845 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 34 | 0.115 | 0.093 | 0.136 | 10.629 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 5.699 | 1 | 0.017 | Within 1 year | 33 | 0.100 | 0.087 | 0.113 | 15.445 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 46 | 0.120 | 0.110 | 0.130 | 23.672 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of victimization | 16.176 | 1 | 0.000 | Overt victimization | 22 | 0.082 | 0.065 | 0.099 | 9.461 | <0.001 |
| Relationship victimization | 23 | 0.131 | 0.114 | 0.148 | 14.929 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 5.351 | 1 | 0.021 | Same raters | 50 | 0.141 | 0.122 | 0.159 | 14.966 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 10 | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.128 | 2.868 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 17.651 | 3 | 0.001 | Internalizing problems | 15 | 0.083 | 0.060 | 0.106 | 7.031 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 54 | 0.126 | 0.106 | 0.145 | 12.733 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 23 | 0.061 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 4.698 | <0.001 | ||||
| Loneliness | 5 | 0.079 | 0.021 | 0.179 | 1.545 | <0.001 | ||||
Table 5 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between internalizing problems and subsequent peer victimization
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.616 | 1 | 0.204 | China | 13 | 0.098 | 0.059 | 0.136 | 5.014 | <0.001 |
| The west | 65 | 0.125 | 0.107 | 0.142 | 14.089 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.000 | 1 | 0.986 | Under 12 | 41 | 0.114 | 0.092 | 0.137 | 9.845 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 34 | 0.115 | 0.093 | 0.136 | 10.629 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 5.699 | 1 | 0.017 | Within 1 year | 33 | 0.100 | 0.087 | 0.113 | 15.445 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 46 | 0.120 | 0.110 | 0.130 | 23.672 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of victimization | 16.176 | 1 | 0.000 | Overt victimization | 22 | 0.082 | 0.065 | 0.099 | 9.461 | <0.001 |
| Relationship victimization | 23 | 0.131 | 0.114 | 0.148 | 14.929 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 5.351 | 1 | 0.021 | Same raters | 50 | 0.141 | 0.122 | 0.159 | 14.966 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 10 | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.128 | 2.868 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 17.651 | 3 | 0.001 | Internalizing problems | 15 | 0.083 | 0.060 | 0.106 | 7.031 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 54 | 0.126 | 0.106 | 0.145 | 12.733 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 23 | 0.061 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 4.698 | <0.001 | ||||
| Loneliness | 5 | 0.079 | 0.021 | 0.179 | 1.545 | <0.001 | ||||
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 0.689 | 1 | 0.406 | China | 4 | 0.051 | 0.014 | 0.088 | 2.686 | 0.007 |
| The west | 23 | 0.071 | 0.040 | 0.102 | 4.502 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.055 | 1 | 0.815 | Under 12 | 10 | 0.067 | 0.023 | 0.110 | 2.971 | 0.003 |
| 12 and above | 17 | 0.060 | 0.026 | 0.093 | 3.496 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 0.080 | 1 | 0.778 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.059 | 0.016 | 0.102 | 2.675 | 0.007 |
| 1 year or above | 18 | 0.066 | 0.034 | 0.099 | 4.033 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.800 | 1 | 0.371 | Same raters | 21 | 0.070 | 0.040 | 0.101 | 4.489 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 4 | 0.040 | 0.021 | 0.100 | 1.289 | 0.198 | ||||
| Type of problems | 1.055 | 3 | 0.788 | Internalizing problems | 7 | 0.048 | -0.001 | 0.097 | 1.925 | 0.054 |
| Depression | 17 | 0.051 | 0.016 | 0.086 | 2.879 | 0.004 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.069 | 0.013 | 0.125 | 2.420 | 0.016 | ||||
| Loneliness | 2 | 0.028 | -0.026 | 0.083 | 1.025 | 0.305 | ||||
Table 6 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between overt victimization and subsequent internalizing problems
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 0.689 | 1 | 0.406 | China | 4 | 0.051 | 0.014 | 0.088 | 2.686 | 0.007 |
| The west | 23 | 0.071 | 0.040 | 0.102 | 4.502 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.055 | 1 | 0.815 | Under 12 | 10 | 0.067 | 0.023 | 0.110 | 2.971 | 0.003 |
| 12 and above | 17 | 0.060 | 0.026 | 0.093 | 3.496 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 0.080 | 1 | 0.778 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.059 | 0.016 | 0.102 | 2.675 | 0.007 |
| 1 year or above | 18 | 0.066 | 0.034 | 0.099 | 4.033 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.800 | 1 | 0.371 | Same raters | 21 | 0.070 | 0.040 | 0.101 | 4.489 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 4 | 0.040 | 0.021 | 0.100 | 1.289 | 0.198 | ||||
| Type of problems | 1.055 | 3 | 0.788 | Internalizing problems | 7 | 0.048 | -0.001 | 0.097 | 1.925 | 0.054 |
| Depression | 17 | 0.051 | 0.016 | 0.086 | 2.879 | 0.004 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.069 | 0.013 | 0.125 | 2.420 | 0.016 | ||||
| Loneliness | 2 | 0.028 | -0.026 | 0.083 | 1.025 | 0.305 | ||||
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.805 | 1 | 0.179 | China | 4 | 0.046 | 0.019 | 0.111 | 1.383 | 0.167 |
| The west | 23 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.129 | 5.659 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.679 | 1 | 0.410 | Under 12 | 9 | 0.105 | 0.057 | 0.152 | 4.322 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 18 | 0.079 | 0.041 | 0.118 | 4.078 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 1.998 | 1 | 0.157 | Within 1 year | 9 | 0.118 | 0.061 | 0.174 | 4.044 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 19 | 0.071 | 0.042 | 0.101 | 4.715 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.561 | 1 | 0.454 | Same raters | 22 | 0.093 | 0.060 | 0.127 | 5.459 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 6 | 0.069 | 0.017 | 0.122 | 2.607 | 0.009 | ||||
| Type of problems | 0.668 | 3 | 0.881 | Internalizing problems | 6 | 0.071 | 0.022 | 0.120 | 2.830 | 0.005 |
| Depression | 18 | 0.076 | 0.041 | 0.111 | 4.247 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.059 | -0.009 | 0.127 | 1.713 | 0.087 | ||||
| Loneliness | 2 | 0.089 | 0.048 | 0.130 | 4.252 | <0.001 | ||||
Table 7 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between relational victimization and subsequent internalizing problems
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.805 | 1 | 0.179 | China | 4 | 0.046 | 0.019 | 0.111 | 1.383 | 0.167 |
| The west | 23 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.129 | 5.659 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.679 | 1 | 0.410 | Under 12 | 9 | 0.105 | 0.057 | 0.152 | 4.322 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 18 | 0.079 | 0.041 | 0.118 | 4.078 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 1.998 | 1 | 0.157 | Within 1 year | 9 | 0.118 | 0.061 | 0.174 | 4.044 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 19 | 0.071 | 0.042 | 0.101 | 4.715 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.561 | 1 | 0.454 | Same raters | 22 | 0.093 | 0.060 | 0.127 | 5.459 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 6 | 0.069 | 0.017 | 0.122 | 2.607 | 0.009 | ||||
| Type of problems | 0.668 | 3 | 0.881 | Internalizing problems | 6 | 0.071 | 0.022 | 0.120 | 2.830 | 0.005 |
| Depression | 18 | 0.076 | 0.041 | 0.111 | 4.247 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.059 | -0.009 | 0.127 | 1.713 | 0.087 | ||||
| Loneliness | 2 | 0.089 | 0.048 | 0.130 | 4.252 | <0.001 | ||||
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 17.294 | 1 | 0.000 | China | 2 | 0.172 | 0.137 | 0.208 | 9.267 | <0.001 |
| The west | 19 | 0.069 | 0.036 | 0.102 | 4.081 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.310 | 1 | 0.578 | Under 12 | 7 | 0.093 | 0.019 | 0.167 | 2.459 | 0.014 |
| 12 and above | 14 | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.114 | 3.572 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 12.770 | 1 | 0.000 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.063 | 2.091 | 0.037 |
| 1 year or above | 12 | 0.124 | 0.085 | 0.163 | 6.102 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.694 | 1 | 0.405 | Same raters | 17 | 0.085 | 0.046 | 0.124 | 4.284 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 2 | 0.168 | 0.024 | 0.360 | 1.718 | 0.086 | ||||
| Type of problems | 27.100 | 3 | 0.000 | Internalizing problems | 7 | 0.059 | 0.024 | 0.094 | 3.328 | 0.001 |
| Depression | 12 | 0.097 | 0.057 | 0.138 | 4.702 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 8 | 0.037 | -0.033 | 0.107 | 1.025 | 0.305 | ||||
| Loneliness | 1 | 0.203 | 0.156 | 0.249 | 8.515 | <0.001 | ||||
Table 8 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between internalizing problems and subsequent overt victimization
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 17.294 | 1 | 0.000 | China | 2 | 0.172 | 0.137 | 0.208 | 9.267 | <0.001 |
| The west | 19 | 0.069 | 0.036 | 0.102 | 4.081 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.310 | 1 | 0.578 | Under 12 | 7 | 0.093 | 0.019 | 0.167 | 2.459 | 0.014 |
| 12 and above | 14 | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.114 | 3.572 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 12.770 | 1 | 0.000 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.063 | 2.091 | 0.037 |
| 1 year or above | 12 | 0.124 | 0.085 | 0.163 | 6.102 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 0.694 | 1 | 0.405 | Same raters | 17 | 0.085 | 0.046 | 0.124 | 4.284 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 2 | 0.168 | 0.024 | 0.360 | 1.718 | 0.086 | ||||
| Type of problems | 27.100 | 3 | 0.000 | Internalizing problems | 7 | 0.059 | 0.024 | 0.094 | 3.328 | 0.001 |
| Depression | 12 | 0.097 | 0.057 | 0.138 | 4.702 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 8 | 0.037 | -0.033 | 0.107 | 1.025 | 0.305 | ||||
| Loneliness | 1 | 0.203 | 0.156 | 0.249 | 8.515 | <0.001 | ||||
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.598 | 1 | 0.206 | China | 2 | 0.171 | 0.135 | 0.207 | 9.204 | <0.001 |
| The west | 20 | 0.132 | 0.081 | 0.181 | 5.083 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.158 | 1 | 0.691 | Under 12 | 6 | 0.125 | 0.048 | 0.201 | 3.188 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 16 | 0.145 | 0.089 | 0.201 | 5.087 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 5.290 | 1 | 0.021 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.089 | 0.053 | 0.125 | 4.787 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 13 | 0.171 | 0.111 | 0.230 | 5.523 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 2.101 | 1 | 0.147 | Same raters | 19 | 0.142 | 0.095 | 0.188 | 5.966 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 2 | 0.218 | 0.126 | 0.311 | 4.625 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 11.372 | 3 | 0.000 | Internalizing problems | 6 | 0.073 | 0.034 | 0.112 | 3.697 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 14 | 0.171 | 0.116 | 0.227 | 6.046 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.089 | 0.024 | 0.154 | 2.698 | 0.007 | ||||
| Loneliness | 1 | 0.151 | 0.104 | 0.198 | 6.348 | <0.001 | ||||
Table 9 Summary of meta-analysis results for relation between internalizing problems and subsequent relational victimization
| Moderator | Heterogeneity | Categories | k | 95% CI | Two-tailed test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QB | df | p | Effect size | Lower | Upper | Z value | p | |||
| Cultural type | 1.598 | 1 | 0.206 | China | 2 | 0.171 | 0.135 | 0.207 | 9.204 | <0.001 |
| The west | 20 | 0.132 | 0.081 | 0.181 | 5.083 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 0.158 | 1 | 0.691 | Under 12 | 6 | 0.125 | 0.048 | 0.201 | 3.188 | <0.001 |
| 12 and above | 16 | 0.145 | 0.089 | 0.201 | 5.087 | <0.001 | ||||
| Measurement interval | 5.290 | 1 | 0.021 | Within 1 year | 10 | 0.089 | 0.053 | 0.125 | 4.787 | <0.001 |
| 1 year or above | 13 | 0.171 | 0.111 | 0.230 | 5.523 | <0.001 | ||||
| Assessment method | 2.101 | 1 | 0.147 | Same raters | 19 | 0.142 | 0.095 | 0.188 | 5.966 | <0.001 |
| Different raters | 2 | 0.218 | 0.126 | 0.311 | 4.625 | <0.001 | ||||
| Type of problems | 11.372 | 3 | 0.000 | Internalizing problems | 6 | 0.073 | 0.034 | 0.112 | 3.697 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 14 | 0.171 | 0.116 | 0.227 | 6.046 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anxiety | 9 | 0.089 | 0.024 | 0.154 | 2.698 | 0.007 | ||||
| Loneliness | 1 | 0.151 | 0.104 | 0.198 | 6.348 | <0.001 | ||||
| * References for meta-analysis | |
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* Adrian, M., Jenness, J. L., Kuehn, K. S., Smith, M. R., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 999-1009.
doi: 10.1017/S0954579419000543 pmid: 31097052 |
| [2] |
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 URL |
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* Arora, P. G., Wheeler, L. A., Fisher, S., Restituyo, M., & Barnes-Najor, J. (2020). A longitudinal examination of peer victimization on depressive symptoms among Asian American school-aged youth. School Mental Health, 12(4), 732-742.
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