Abstract As part of the centennial celebration for the Journal of Applied Psychology, this article reviews the literature on organizational socialization and mentoring. Our review includes a comparison of organizational socialization and mentoring as processes for employee adjustment and development, the historical context that fueled the emergence of these two areas of study, and a chronological mapping of key foundations, trends, themes that emerged across time, and major milestones. Along the way, a special emphasis is placed on research published in the Journal of Applied Psychology and high impact work is highlighted. We conclude with a discussion of five areas for future research. Specifically, we outline ideas for bridging the socialization and mentoring literatures, better understanding and capturing dynamic processes across time, the development of multilevel theories and models, addressing causality, and considering the implications for organizational socialization and mentoring research based on how technology is changing the way we work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

Summary: The mobile Internet-accessing the Internet via a mobile device-has become quite popular recently. The mobile Internet is mainly different from the stationary Internet because it may be used in various contexts, whereas the stationary Internet is mostly used in pre-determined environments. However, it is unclear when the mobile Internet is used most frequently, and in what context it is most useful. A greater understanding of the contexts for using the mobile Internet will relieve usability problems that mobile Internet users often encounter. This paper proposes a conceptual framework of use contexts, which includes various facets of contexts related to the mobile Internet. It then presents the results of an exploratory study in which the use contexts for the mobile Internet and corresponding usability problems have been empirically monitored. The results indicate that use of the mobile Internet is heavily clustered around a few key contexts, rather than dispersed widely in diverse contexts. Moreover, different contexts are found to cause different kinds of usability problems. The paper ends with theoretical and practical implications of the study results.

This study proposes and tests a model that applies the concept of restorative justice to the enactment of revenge and forgiveness in organizations. The model draws from theories of cognitive attribution and consistency, as well as more recent theories of revenge in organizations, to describe the process by which a personal offense triggers revenge and forgiveness cognitions and behavior. Attributions of blame were predicted to directly influence the contemplation of revenge and forgiveness strategies. In turn, these cognitions were hypothesized to be the immediate precursors of behavior. It was also predicted that the likableness of the offender would be positively associated with both revenge and forgiveness cognitions. Finally, blame attribution was expected to be influenced by offense severity. To test these predictions, a survey was administered to one hundred and eighty employees of a government agency. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the significance of the pathways in the model and compare its fit to theoretically plausible rivals. Although the theoretical model fit the data well, a less constrained alternative showed a superior fit. In both the theoretical model and less constrained alternative, all but two of the predicted pathways in the model were upheld. The implications of the findings for organizations are discussed and future research directions are offered.

Commitment highlights one of the ways in which individuals infuse roles and social structure with self-motivated behaviors, thereby linking the self to social structure. Past theoretical formulations of commitment, including work by Becker, Stryker, and Kanter, tended to focus on commitment as a tie between an individual and either 1) a line of activity, 2) particular role partners, or 3) an organization. An approach based on identity theory or affect control theory (each of which uses a cybernetic model of identity processes) suggests that commitment connects an individual to an identity. In this view, commitment does not link a person to consistent lines of activity, other role partners, or organizations, but to a stable set of self-meanings. These stable self-meanings, in turn, produce consistent lines of activities. This idea is borne out in an analysis of data from the college student role, in which there exist multiple, independent bases of commitment containing cognitive and socioemotional components. Commitment moderates the relationship between student identity and role performance such that the relationship is stronger for persons with higher commitment.

Intraindividual change over time is the essence of the change phenomenon hypothesized to occur in the individual newcomer adaptation process. Many important adaption questions cannot be answered without an adequate conceptualization and assessment of intraindividual change. Using a latent growth modeling approach to data collected from 146 doctoral program newcomers over 4 repeated measurements spaced at 1-month intervals, the authors explicitly modeled interindividual differences in intradindividual changes in newcomer proactivities (information seeking, relationship building) and proximal adaptation outcomes (task mastery, role clarity, social integration) during organizational entry. Results indicated that changes in proactivity may be related to newcomer characteristics and adaptation outcomes in interesting ways that have not been previously examined.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the psychological contract is largely shaped during socialization. This study adopts a complementary perspective and analyzes how the psychological contract at the start of employment shapes the subsequent socialization process. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we propose that newcomers with a higher sense of their personal obligations at entry will perceive orientation training as more useful and develop better relationships with their supervisors and peers, which in turn will facilitate their work adjustment. Results of a longitudinal survey on a sample of 144 recruits from a European Army show that newcomers with a higher initial sense of their employee obligations toward their employer report higher perceived training utility, higher leader-member exchange (LMX) with their instructors, and higher team-member exchange (TMX) with their platoon peers. Moreover, perceived training utility and LMX predict the fulfillment of employers’ obligations; and training utility predicts the level of newcomers’ employee obligations. Finally, training utility, LMX, and TMX predict some of three indicators of newcomers’ adjustment, namely role clarity (training utility, LMX), group integration (TMX), and organizational values understanding (training utility). These results highlight how newcomers’ obligations at the start of employment contribute to the social exchange dynamic underlying organizational socialization.

Studies that combine moderation and mediation are prevalent in basic and applied psychology research. Typically, these studies are framed in terms of moderated mediation or mediated moderation, both of which involve similar analytical approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches have important shortcomings that conceal the nature of the moderated and the mediated effects under investigation. This article presents a general analytical framework for combining moderation and mediation that integrates moderated regression analysis and path analysis. This framework clarifies how moderator variables influence the paths that constitute the direct, indirect, and total effects of mediated models. The authors empirically illustrate this framework and give step-by-step instructions for estimation and interpretation. They summarize the advantages of their framework over current approaches, explain how it subsumes moderated mediation and mediated moderation, and describe how it can accommodate additional moderator and mediator variables, curvilinear relationships, and structural equation models with latent variables.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organizational socialization tactics, newcomers’ self-efficacy, proactive behaviors, and socialization outcomes. Based on a sample of 140 co-op university students who completed surveys at the end of their work term, the results indicated that newcomers’ self-efficacy and institutionalized socialization tactics were positively... [Show full abstract]

This article outlines the development of a 10-item measure of workplace ostracism. Using 6 samples (including multisource and multiwave data), the authors developed a reliable scale with a unidimensional factor structure that replicated across 4 separate samples. The scale possessed both convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity was demonstrated through the scale's relation with basic needs, well-being, job attitudes, job performance, and withdrawal. Overall, the present study suggests that the Workplace Ostracism Scale is a reliable and valid measure and that the workplace ostracism construct has important implications for both individuals and organizations.

The authors tested the proposition that identification with the work role and engagement in the work role constitute different aspects of a general commitment to work. Whereas work centrality (a strictly normative attitude) represents the extent to which a person identifies with the work role, work alienation (an affect-inclusive attitude) represents the extent to which a person is engaged in the work role. Predicated on these conceptual distinctions, the authors tested whether work centrality and work alienation exhibited theoretically-meaningful, differential correlations with six variables reflecting various work-related commitments. Using data from 349 employed individuals, the results of Hotelling-Williams t tests revealed that, compared to work alienation, work centrality had stronger correlations with Protestant work ethic and leisure ethic. In contrast, compared to work centrality, work alienation was more strongly correlated with work locus of control, work self-discipline, and affective organizational commitment. Work centrality and work alienation did not differ in their correlations with job involvement-role. Taken together, the results suggest that people who are highly committed to work not only identify with the work role, they are also engaged in the work role.

Research examining the nature and consequences of social exclusion indicates that such behavior is multifaceted and has deleterious effects on the intended targets. However, relatively little research has specifically assessed the impact of such behavior on employees who perceive of themselves as being excluded within their place of work. Even less has examined gender differences in relation to exclusionary behavior. The current research investigated the moderating effect of gender on the relation between perceived exclusion at work and work-related attitudes and psychological health. Participants included 223 working students (64 men and 159 women). Hierarchical moderated regression analyses on work attitudes (supervisor satisfaction, coworker satisfaction) and psychological health supported initial predictions. At higher levels of perceived exclusion men indicated lower satisfaction and psychological health compared to women. Findings are discussed in terms of potential workplace implications and limitations of the current research.

本研究从人际取向视角与社会交换理论探讨了人际冲突取向、人际和谐取向对下属工作绩效的影响作用,以及领导-成员交换质量在两类人际取向与工作绩效之间的中介作用。对345套一对一直接主管与下属配对调查问卷进行分析,结果发现:(1)人际冲突取向对组织公民行为、任务绩效有显著负向影响,而对工作偏离行为有显著正向影响;(2)人际和谐取向对组织公民行为、任务绩效有显著正向影响,而对工作偏离行为有显著负向影响;(3)领导-成员交换质量在人际冲突取向与组织公民行为之间、人际冲突取向与任务绩效之间、以及人际冲突取向与工作偏离行为之间均起部分中介作用;(4)领导-成员交换质量在人际和谐取向与组织公民行为之间、人际和谐取向与任务绩效之间起部分中介作用,而在人际和谐取向与工作偏离行为之间起完全中介作用。

This study began with the premise that people can use varying degrees of their selves, physically, cognitively, and emotionally, in work role performances, which has implications for both their work and experiences. Two qualitative, theory-generating studies of summer camp counselors and members of an architecture firm were conducted to explore the conditions at work in which people personally engage, or express and employ their personal selves, and disengage, or withdraw and defend their personal selves. This article describes and illustrates three psychological conditions--meaningfulness, safety, and availability--and their individual and contextual sources. These psychological conditions are linked to existing theoretical concepts, and directions for future research are described.

This 4-wave longitudinal study of newcomers in 7 organizations examined preentry knowledge, proactive personality, and socialization influences as antecedents of both proximal (task mastery, role clarity, work group integration, and political knowledge) and distal (organizational commitment, work withdrawal, and turnover) indicators of newcomer adjustment. Results suggest that preentry knowledge, proactive personality, and socialization influences from the organization, supervisors, and coworkers are independently related to proximal adjustment outcomes, consistent with a theoretical framework highlighting distinct dimensions of organizational and work task adjustment. The proximal adjustment outcomes partially mediated most of the relationships between the antecedents of adjustment and organizational commitment, work withdrawal, and turnover.

To clarify and operationalize the concepts of alienation and involvement, several current sociological and psychological approaches to the concepts are examined. Several common sources of confusion surrounding the treatment of the concepts are identified. A motivational formulation of the concepts is suggested to achieve greater parsimony and integration of the diverse sociological and psychological thinking on the issue. Finally, some implications of this motivational formulation for future empirical studies on alienation and involvement at work and in other situations (e.g., in the family, in the community, in leisure-time pursuits) are indicated. (45 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Abstract This chapter briefly reviews findings from recent socialization research to provide an updated view of the socialization literature. To help advance the literature, this chapter then takes an instructional system approach, viewing socialization fundamentally as a process of learning about a new or changed role and the environment surrounding that role. As such, attention will first be given to further understanding exactly what needs to be learned during socialization. In doing so, an expanded socialization content typology is presented. In addition, two other components are added to this typology to reflect the fact that (a) each of those content dimensions needs to be learned relative to different organizational levels (e.g., job, work group, unit, organization) and (b) socialization occurs over several months and there are temporal considerations relating to the different socialization content dimensions. This chapter then examines how to best facilitate the learning of that expanded socialization content. The Gagn -Briggs theory of instruction is used in connecting socialization content with the means of learning that content. The socialization and orienting activities commonly used by organizations to help new employees in the adjustment process are also identified and then mapped onto the learning outcomes they could best help facilitate. Finally, the conceptual, measurement, and research needs suggested by these extensions to the socialization literature are identified.

Abstract Drawing from an interactionist approach and feedback research, we examine the role of developmental feedback and proactive personality on newcomer task performance and helping behavior. Data were collected from 2 high-tech joint-ventures within the information technology and manufacturing industries located in Shanghai, China. Results based on 151 newcomer-manager dyads showed that supervisor developmental feedback (SDF) positively related to newcomer helping behavior and that SDF and coworker developmental feedback interactively predicted newcomer task performance. We also found differential moderating effects of proactive personality: SDF more strongly related to helping behavior when proactive personality was lower; conversely, coworker developmental feedback more strongly related to helping behavior when proactive personality was higher. (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved.

Ostracism is an important issue in the workplace and studies on this issue are diverse and large. This paper comprehensively reviews the literature related to workplace ostracism in five aspects....

In this study, the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization are assessed. The results suggest that by seeking information, organizational newcomers can facilitate the socialization process. The frequency with which 135 new staff accountants sought specific types of information during their first 6 months of employment was related to how well they had mastered their job, defined their role, learned about their organization's culture, and become socially integrated. In contrast to findings from research focusing on the organization's role in socialization, these findings suggest that newcomers are proactive information seekers who take an active role in adjusting to their new environment.

Abstract Suggests that one vehicle for easing the stress of the transition into a new organization and facilitating newcomer adjustment is through effective psychological contracting on the part of both newcomers and insiders on behalf of the organization. Previous writings and research have treated the psychological contract as a singular agreement between the individual and the organization. The authors argue that psychological contracting is a dynamic process, which unfolds throughout a 3-stage socialization period and beyond. Instinctual attachment behavior is the foundation on which psychological contracts may be built. The process is analyzed in terms of the supportive attachments that can be formed between newcomers and insiders. Suggestions are made for both individuals and organizations in terms of developing effective psychological contracts. A research agenda is proposed for testing the attachment theory foundation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Abstract Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

We examine interpersonal congruence, the degree to which group members see others in the group as others see themselves, as a moderator of the relationship between diversity and group effectiveness. A longitudinal study of 83 work groups revealed that diversity tended to improve creative task performance in groups with high interpersonal congruence, whereas diversity undermined the performance of groups with low interpersonal congruence. This interaction effect also emerged on measures of social integration, group identification, and relationship conflict. By eliciting self-verifying appraisals, members of some groups achieved enough interpersonal congruence during their first ten minutes of interaction to benefit their group outcomes four months later. In contrast to theories of social categorization, the interpersonal congruence approach suggests that group members can achieve harmonious and effective work processes by expressing rather than suppressing the characteristics that make them unique.

Simple slopes, regions of significance, and confidence bands are commonly used to evaluate interactions in multiple linear regression (MLR) models, and the use of these techniques has recently been extended to multilevel or hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and latent curve analysis (LCA). However, conducting these tests and plotting the conditional relations is often a tedious and error-prone task. This article provides an overview of methods used to probe interaction effects and describes a unified collection of freely available online resources that researchers can use to obtain significance tests for simple slopes, compute regions of significance, and obtain confidence bands for simple slopes across the range of the moderator in the MLR, HLM, and LCA contexts. Plotting capabilities are also provided.

Abstract Examined through the lens of moral psychology, we investigate when and why employees' unethical behaviors may be tolerated versus rejected. Specifically, we examine the interactive effect of employees' unethical behaviors and job performance onto relationship conflict, and whether such conflict eventuates in workplace ostracism. Although employees' unethical behaviors typically go against moral norms, high job performance may provide a motivated reason to ignore moral violations. In this regard, we predict that job performance will mitigate the relationship between employee unethical behavior and workplace ostracism, as mediated by relationship conflict. Study 1, a multisource field study, tests and provides support for Hypotheses 1 and 2. Study 2, also a multisource field study, provides support for our fully specified model. Study 3, a time-lagged field study, provides support for our theoretical model while controlling for employees' negative affectivity and ethical environment.

Abstract This article offers a review, integration, and extension of the literature relevant to ostracism in organizations. We first seek to add conceptual clarity to ostracism, by reviewing existing definitions and developing a cohesive one, identifying the key features of workplace ostracism, and distinguishing it from existing organizational constructs. Next, we develop a broad model of ostracism in organizations. This model serves to integrate the relevant findings related to ostracism in organizations and to extend our theorizing about it. We take a decidedly organizational focus, proposing organizationally relevant factors that may cause different types of ostracism, moderate the experience of ostracism at work, and moderate the reactions of targets. We hope this article will provide a good foundation for organizational scholars interested in studying ostracism by providing a framework of prior literature and directions for future study.

We conducted 2 studies of coworker dyads to test a theoretical model exploring why and under what circumstances employees are the targets of workplace exclusion. Adopting a victim precipitation perspective, we integrate belongingness and social exchange theories to propose that employees who display workplace incivility are distrusted and therefore are targets of workplace exclusion. Highlighting the importance of the context of the perpetrator-target relationship, we also find support for the postulation that this mediated relationship is strengthened when the target employee is perceived to be a weak exchange partner and is attenuated when he or she is viewed as a valuable exchange partner. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Despite the widespread use of self-report measures of both job-related stressors and strains, relatively few carefully developed scales for which validity data exist are available. In this article, we discuss 3 job stressor scales (Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, and Quantitative Workload Inventory) and 1 job strain scale (Physical Symptoms Inventory). Using meta-analysis, we combined the results of 18 studies to provide estimates of relations between our scales and other variables. Data showed moderate convergent validity for the 3 job stressor scales, suggesting some objectively to these self-reports. Norms for each scale are provided.

Among the many traditions of research on "identity," two somewhat different yet strongly related strands of identity theory have developed. The first, reflected in the work of Stryker and colleagues, focuses on the linkages of social structures with identities. The second, reflected in the work of Burke and colleagues, focuses on the internal process of self-verification. In the present paper we review each of these strands and then discuss ways in which the two relate to and complement one another. Each provides a context for the other: the relation of social structures to identities influences the process of self-verification, while the process of self-verification creates and sustains social structures. The paper concludes with examples of potentially useful applications of identity theory to other arenas of social psychology, and with a discussion of challenges that identity theory must meet to provide a clear understanding of the relation between self and society.

虽然已有研究从逻辑上推理内部人身份认知在信任氛围与角色内绩效之间起中介作用,但却极少给出实证的结果.本研究基于角色认同理论和自我认知理论,以31家生产型企业的330员工为调查对象,从心理安全感的视角对信任氛围是否以及如何通过内部人身份认知影响角色内绩效进行了实证研究.结果显示:1)信任氛围对员工角色内绩效具有正向影响;2)内部人身份认知部分中介信任氛围对员工角色内绩效的影响;3)心理安全感在信任氛围与内部人身份认知的关系中起调节作用;进一步,4)心理安全感调节了内部人身份认知对信任氛围-角色内绩效中介作用.研究证明了被中介的调节效应模型全新地解释了信任氛围对角色内绩效的作用机理,对员工创新绩效管理实践提供有益的启示.

Although ostracism can have devastating consequences for employees and organizations, our understanding of what contributes to ostracism is notably limited. Drawing on and extending goal interdependence theory, we integrate the goal interdependence and social skill literatures to predict when individuals are likely to be ostracized. Across two studies we found that cooperative goal interdependence reduced, while competitive goal interdependence facilitated, being ostracized; social skill strengthened the negative impact of cooperative goal interdependence on ostracism and neutralized the positive impact of competitive goal interdependence on ostracism. In a third longitudinal study, we found that relationship conflict mediated the interactive effect of goal interdependence and social skill on being ostracized. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

基于压力转换理论,考察主动性人格对职场排斥与组织公民行为的调节机制,尤其是应对策略对整个调节机制的中介作用。通过对9家企业的249对上下级匹配问卷分析发现,主动性人格对职场排斥与组织公民行为关系具有调节作用,对于高主动性人格的员工而言,职场排斥与组织公民行为负向关系更弱;主动性人格正向影响积极应对策略,负向影响逃避应对策略;积极应对策略对职场排斥与组织公民行为关系具有调节作用,当员工采用积极应对策略时,职场排斥与组织公民行为的负向关系更弱;积极应对策略中介了主动性人格对职场排斥与组织公民行为关系的调节作用。本文的研究结果不仅从理论上丰富和拓展了主动性人格、应对策略及职场排斥的关系研究,也从排斥应对的视角为实务界提供了实践指导。

The research on newcomer’s organizational socialization (OS) has been criticized for lacking a fundamental theoretical basis, thereby imitating the method of how to measure OS effect. Role Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory can provide OS research a substantial theoretical basis. Based on the theoretical discussion on the boundaries of OS concept, the identity nature of OS was explored as a newcomers’ role identity and social identity development process. The identity theory also revealed two dimensions of OS effect. The content of each dimension was further discussed. Future efforts are expected to develop new OS scale and conceptual model on the basis of identity theory. The identity theory also implies the advancement of research methodology in the future OS study.

以往的组织社会化研究因为缺乏坚实的理论基础而导致对基本概念上的认识不足。本文试图基于认同理论，进一步探讨组织社会化的本质及其作用机制。组织社会化本质上是新员工在承担新的组织角色、参与团队活动中认同的相应发展过程，不同类型的组织社会化发展会对组织和个人产生不同的影响。为了对本文的观点进行验证，本文采用纵向研究方法对127名新员工进行历时1年的配对跟踪调查，对组织社会化程度及相关结果变量均进行四次重复测量。结合探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析，采用潜增长模型对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明，组织社会化可以分为角色社会化和群体社会化两维度结构，并且新员工的角色社会化程度的提升会积极促进其任务绩效和工作满意度，而他们的群体社会化程度的提升则会积极促进其组织公民行为和组织承诺，他们的角色社会化和群体社会化程度的提升可以降低其离职倾向。研究结论进一步证实认同理论在组织社会化研究领域中的应用合理性，弥补当前学习互动视角研究中的理论缺陷。

We used social network analysis to examine a theoretical model exploring why, and under what circumstances, the perpetrators’ ostracizing behaviors are accurately perceived by the target employees....

“反馈”是上级与下属互动沟通的重要方式，不仅有助于促进上级对下属工作的监管，还能够帮助员工修正工作行为。基于社会交换理论，从上级反馈提供与下属反馈寻求双向视角出发，对265名在职员工进行问卷调查，研究结果显示：（1）上级发展性反馈有助于促进下属的反馈寻求行为和变革行为；（2）积极主动寻求反馈的下属会倾向于表现出更多的变革行为，并且下属反馈寻求在上级发展性反馈与员工变革行为之间起着显著的中介作用；（3）工作年限在“上级发展性反馈—下属反馈寻求—员工变革行为”中介模型的第一阶段起着显著正向调节作用，即工作年限越长，上级发展性反馈对下属反馈寻求的影响作用越强；而在直接效应和第二阶段起着显著负向调节作用，即工作年限越短，上级发展性反馈对员工变革行为的影响作用越强，下属反馈寻求对员工变革行为的影响作用越强。

Study 1 was conducted to examine the contribution of the joint condition of supervisor close monitoring and the presence of creative coworkers to employees' creativity. In addition to replicating Study l's results, Study 2 examined (a) the joint condition of supervisor developmental feedback and presence of creative coworkers and (b) whether creative personality moderated the contributions of the 2 joint conditions. Converging results from the 2 field studies demonstrated that when creative coworkers were present, the less supervisors engaged in close monitoring, the more employees exhibited creativity. Study 2 also found that the contribution of this joint condition was stronger for employees with less creative personalities and that when creative coworkers were present, the more supervisors provided developmental feedback, the more employees exhibited creativity.

This study focused on the conditions under which job dissatisfaction will lead to creativity as an expression of voice. We theorized that useful feedback from coworkers, coworker helping and support, and perceived organizational support for creativity would each interact with job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment (commitment motivated by necessity) to result in creativity. In a sample of 149 employees, as hypothesized, employees with high job dissatisfaction exhibited the highest creativity when continuance commitment was high and when (1) useful feedback from coworkers, or (2) coworker helping and support, or (3) perceived organizational support for creativity was high.

The problem of common method biases has being given more and more attention in the field of psychology, but there is little research about it in China, and the effects of common method bias are not well controlled. Generally, there are two ways of controlling common method biases, procedural remedies and statistical remedies. In this paper, statistical remedies for common method biases are provided, such as factor analysis, partial correlation, latent method factor, structural equation model, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed separately. Finally, suggestions of how to choose these remedies are given.