暴力视频游戏对个体亲社会性的影响：一项元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00453

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

暴力视频游戏是一种新兴的娱乐媒介, 是指含有描绘个体试图对其他个体造成伤害等内容的视频游戏。亲社会性是人类区别于动物的重要特征, 包括在人际交往中个体所表现出的利他、助人等一切使他人受益的认知、情感和行为。本文采用元分析的方法整合国内外已有研究, 分析暴力视频游戏对玩家亲社会性影响的主效应, 并重点考察各调节变量在暴力视频游戏与亲社会性的关系中产生的作用。通过文献检索, 纳入符合要求的文献24篇, 包含63个效应值(effect size), 总样本量18554人。研究结果显示：暴力视频游戏与亲社会性总效应值显著, 但相关较弱(r = -0.10)。调节效应分析表明, 暴力视频游戏与亲社会性的关系受到被试性别、被试类型、被试年龄、测量类型与亲社会性测量指标的调节。未来研究可以进一步采用一般攻击模型与一般学习模型等理论模型指导暴力视频游戏对亲社会行为影响研究, 同时优化实证研究中测量亲社会性的实验范式, 并且需要重点考察个体差异对暴力视频游戏与亲社会性关系的影响。

关键词: 暴力视频游戏, 亲社会性, 元分析, 调节效应

Abstract:

Violent video game is a new kind of medium which depicts intentional attempts by individuals to inflict harm on others. Prosociality is an important characteristic that distinguishes human beings from animals, which includes prosocial cognition, emotion and behavior that show in interpersonal communication, such as altruism, helping behavior and so on. The current research conducted a meta-analytic review of studies that examined the impact of violent video games on prosocial outcomes, and focused on the role of moderating variables in the relationship between violent video games and prosocial outcomes. Data from 24 journal articles and 63 effect sizes with 18554 participants revealed that violent video games had negative main effects on prosocial outcomes, but the effect size was small (r = -0.10); moderation analysis showed that the effects between violent video games and prosocial outcomes were moderated by gender, age of participants, measurement and types of prosocial outcomes. Future research should consider using new models such as take together for GAM and GLM model to guide the research which explore the relationship between violent video games and prosocial outcomes, optimizing the experimental paradigm which measures prosocial outcomes. What’s more, it is necessary to pay attention to the effects of individual differences and features of video games.

Key words: violent video games, prosocial outcomes, meta-analysis, moderated effects

中图分类号:

B849: C91

邵嵘, 滕召军, 刘衍玲. (2019). 暴力视频游戏对个体亲社会性的影响：一项元分析. 心理科学进展 , 27(3), 453-464.

SHAO Rong, TENG Zhaojun, LIU Yanling. (2019). How violent video games affect prosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(3), 453-464.

图/表 5

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作者	男性%	被试群体	平均年龄(岁)	N	测量类型	指标	统计分析	r
王晨雪, 2011 A	36.14	大学生	21.2	55	E	B	T-test	-0.05
王晨雪, 2011 B	36.99	大学生	20.47	49	E	B	T-test	0.17
王晨雪, 2011 C	36.99	大学生	20.47	49	E	A	T-test	-0.07
王子祥, 2016 A	47.67	儿童	10	59	E	B	T-test	0.16
王子祥, 2016 B	47.67	儿童	10	58	E	B	T-test	-0.14
温广辉, 2014 A	100	儿童	8.87	33	E	B	T-test	0.08
温广辉, 2014 B	100	儿童	10.51	31	E	B	T-test	-0.20
温广辉, 2014 C	100	儿童	12.20	32	E	B	T-test	-0.17
温广辉, 2014 D	0	儿童	9.00	27	E	B	T-test	0.12
温广辉, 2014 E	0	儿童	10.32	29	E	B	T-test	-0.27
温广辉, 2014 F	0	儿童	12.30	28	E	B	T-test	0.10
杨序斌, 2014 A	83.74	大学生	20.1	246	S	A	Correlation	-0.45
杨序斌, 2014 B	83.74	大学生	20.1	246	S	B	Correlation	-0.42
Bartholow et al., 2005 A	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	0.10
Bartholow et al., 2005 B	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	0.16
Bartholow et al., 2005 C	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Bartholow et al., 2005 D	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	-0.45
B?sche, 2010	100	大学生	22.72	27	E	C	Correlation	0.30
Ferguson & Garza, 2011	50.5	青少年	14.6	873	S	B	Correlation	0.08
Fraser et al., 2012 A	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	-0.02
Fraser et al., 2012 B	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	-0.01
Fraser et al., 2012 C	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	0.08
Fraser et al., 2012 D	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	-0.20
Fraser et al., 2012 E	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	-0.17
Fraser et al., 2012 F	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	0.12
Gentile et al., 2009 A	73	青少年	13	727	S	B	Correlation	-0.43
作者	男性%	被试群体	平均年龄(岁)	N	测量类型	指标	统计分析	r
Gentile et al., 2009 B	73	青少年	13	727	S	B	Correlation	0.22
Gentile et al., 2009 C	73	青少年	13	727	S	A	Correlation	-0.41
Gentile et al., 2009 D	73	青少年	13	727	S	A	Correlation	-0.04
Gentile et al., 2011 A	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.36
Gentile et al., 2011 B	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.35
Gentile et al., 2011 C	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.31
Greitemeyer et al., 2012	25	大学生	20	16	E	B	T-test	-0.27
Greitemeyer & Brauer, 2010	35.59	大学生	23	39	E	A	T-test	-0.19
Greitemeyer & Osswald, 2010	37.04	大学生	21.81	40	E	B	χ²-test	0.02
Jin & Li, 2017 A	61.19	大学生	19.73	268	S	B	Correlation	0.02
Jin & Li, 2017 B	52.38	大学生	23.8	42	E	B	Correlation	0.30
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 A	48.5	青少年	13.4	1236	S	A	Correlation	-0.35
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 B	48.5	青少年	14.5	1230	S	A	Correlation	-0.29
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 C	48.5	青少年	13.4	1236	S	B	Correlation	0.18
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 D	48.5	青少年	14.5	1230	S	B	Correlation	0.25
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 A	100	青少年	13.4	848	S	B	Correlation	-0.08
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 B	0	青少年	13.4	837	S	B	Correlation	-0.08
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 C	100	青少年	13.4	848	S	B	Correlation	0.24
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 D	0	青少年	13.4	837	S	B	Correlation	0.15
Li et al., 2012	72.68	儿童青少年	11.2	1114	S	A	T-test	-0.19
Prot et al., 2014 A	73	青少年	12.2	3034	S	A	Correlation	-0.15
Prot et al., 2014 B	73	青少年	12.2	2360	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Prot et al., 2014 C	73	青少年	12.2	2232	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Prot et al., 2014 D	73	青少年	12.2	3034	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Prot et al., 2014 E	73	青少年	12.2	2360	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Prot et al., 2014 F	73	青少年	12.2	2232	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Saleem et al., 2012a*	54.45	儿童青少年	12.4	123	E	B	T-test	-0.11
Saleem et al., 2012b	69.91	大学生	19.57	220	S	A	T-test	-0.09
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 A	56	大学生	20.3	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.42
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 B	56	大学生	20.3	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.05
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 C	55	大学生	21.63	32	E	B	χ²-test	0.17
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 D	55	大学生	21.63	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.07
Teng et al., 2011 A	100	大学生	21.00	53	S	A	T-test	-0.11
Teng et al., 2011 B	0	大学生	21.00	79	S	A	T-test	0.06
Whitaker & Bushman, 2012 A	46	大学生	19.6	101	E	B	T-test	-0.19
Whitaker & Bushman, 2012 B	39	大学生	19.4	65	E	B	T-test	0.05
Zhen et al., 2011	44	儿童青少年	14.68	795	S	A	Correlation	-0.22

作者	男性%	被试群体	平均年龄(岁)	N	测量类型	指标	统计分析	r
王晨雪, 2011 A	36.14	大学生	21.2	55	E	B	T-test	-0.05
王晨雪, 2011 B	36.99	大学生	20.47	49	E	B	T-test	0.17
王晨雪, 2011 C	36.99	大学生	20.47	49	E	A	T-test	-0.07
王子祥, 2016 A	47.67	儿童	10	59	E	B	T-test	0.16
王子祥, 2016 B	47.67	儿童	10	58	E	B	T-test	-0.14
温广辉, 2014 A	100	儿童	8.87	33	E	B	T-test	0.08
温广辉, 2014 B	100	儿童	10.51	31	E	B	T-test	-0.20
温广辉, 2014 C	100	儿童	12.20	32	E	B	T-test	-0.17
温广辉, 2014 D	0	儿童	9.00	27	E	B	T-test	0.12
温广辉, 2014 E	0	儿童	10.32	29	E	B	T-test	-0.27
温广辉, 2014 F	0	儿童	12.30	28	E	B	T-test	0.10
杨序斌, 2014 A	83.74	大学生	20.1	246	S	A	Correlation	-0.45
杨序斌, 2014 B	83.74	大学生	20.1	246	S	B	Correlation	-0.42
Bartholow et al., 2005 A	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	0.10
Bartholow et al., 2005 B	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	0.16
Bartholow et al., 2005 C	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Bartholow et al., 2005 D	100	大学生	20	200	S	A	Correlation	-0.45
B?sche, 2010	100	大学生	22.72	27	E	C	Correlation	0.30
Ferguson & Garza, 2011	50.5	青少年	14.6	873	S	B	Correlation	0.08
Fraser et al., 2012 A	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	-0.02
Fraser et al., 2012 B	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	-0.01
Fraser et al., 2012 C	100	大学生	19.6	243	S	B	Correlation	0.08
Fraser et al., 2012 D	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	-0.20
Fraser et al., 2012 E	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	-0.17
Fraser et al., 2012 F	0	大学生	19.6	547	S	B	Correlation	0.12
Gentile et al., 2009 A	73	青少年	13	727	S	B	Correlation	-0.43
作者	男性%	被试群体	平均年龄(岁)	N	测量类型	指标	统计分析	r
Gentile et al., 2009 B	73	青少年	13	727	S	B	Correlation	0.22
Gentile et al., 2009 C	73	青少年	13	727	S	A	Correlation	-0.41
Gentile et al., 2009 D	73	青少年	13	727	S	A	Correlation	-0.04
Gentile et al., 2011 A	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.36
Gentile et al., 2011 B	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.35
Gentile et al., 2011 C	51	儿童	9.7	430	S	B	Correlation	-0.31
Greitemeyer et al., 2012	25	大学生	20	16	E	B	T-test	-0.27
Greitemeyer & Brauer, 2010	35.59	大学生	23	39	E	A	T-test	-0.19
Greitemeyer & Osswald, 2010	37.04	大学生	21.81	40	E	B	χ²-test	0.02
Jin & Li, 2017 A	61.19	大学生	19.73	268	S	B	Correlation	0.02
Jin & Li, 2017 B	52.38	大学生	23.8	42	E	B	Correlation	0.30
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 A	48.5	青少年	13.4	1236	S	A	Correlation	-0.35
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 B	48.5	青少年	14.5	1230	S	A	Correlation	-0.29
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 C	48.5	青少年	13.4	1236	S	B	Correlation	0.18
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2010 D	48.5	青少年	14.5	1230	S	B	Correlation	0.25
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 A	100	青少年	13.4	848	S	B	Correlation	-0.08
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 B	0	青少年	13.4	837	S	B	Correlation	-0.08
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 C	100	青少年	13.4	848	S	B	Correlation	0.24
Krahé & M?lleIr, 2011 D	0	青少年	13.4	837	S	B	Correlation	0.15
Li et al., 2012	72.68	儿童青少年	11.2	1114	S	A	T-test	-0.19
Prot et al., 2014 A	73	青少年	12.2	3034	S	A	Correlation	-0.15
Prot et al., 2014 B	73	青少年	12.2	2360	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Prot et al., 2014 C	73	青少年	12.2	2232	S	A	Correlation	-0.14
Prot et al., 2014 D	73	青少年	12.2	3034	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Prot et al., 2014 E	73	青少年	12.2	2360	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Prot et al., 2014 F	73	青少年	12.2	2232	S	B	Correlation	-0.13
Saleem et al., 2012a*	54.45	儿童青少年	12.4	123	E	B	T-test	-0.11
Saleem et al., 2012b	69.91	大学生	19.57	220	S	A	T-test	-0.09
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 A	56	大学生	20.3	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.42
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 B	56	大学生	20.3	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.05
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 C	55	大学生	21.63	32	E	B	χ²-test	0.17
Tear & Nielsen, 2013 D	55	大学生	21.63	32	E	B	χ²-test	-0.07
Teng et al., 2011 A	100	大学生	21.00	53	S	A	T-test	-0.11
Teng et al., 2011 B	0	大学生	21.00	79	S	A	T-test	0.06
Whitaker & Bushman, 2012 A	46	大学生	19.6	101	E	B	T-test	-0.19
Whitaker & Bushman, 2012 B	39	大学生	19.4	65	E	B	T-test	0.05
Zhen et al., 2011	44	儿童青少年	14.68	795	S	A	Correlation	-0.22

模型	独立样本	异质性				Tau-squared
模型	独立样本	Q值	df (Q)	p值	I-squared	Tau-squared	SE	方差	Tau
随机效应	63	1081.34	62	0.00	94.27%	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.17

模型	独立样本	异质性				Tau-squared
模型	独立样本	Q值	df (Q)	p值	I-squared	Tau-squared	SE	方差	Tau
随机效应	63	1081.34	62	0.00	94.27%	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.17

模型	独立样本	N	效应值及0.95的置信区间			双尾检验
模型	独立样本	N	点估计	下限	上限	z值	p值
随机效应	63	18554	-0.10	-0.15	-0.05	-4.14	0.00