有限理性的本质辨析与价值之争

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01293

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有限理性不是受约束条件下的最优化, 更不能等同于非理性。从本质上说, 它是对迄今为止人类理性进化和发展水平的客观描述, 意味着无论在对待现实的态度上, 还是在认识和改造现实的能力上, 人都是理性的, 但人的理性是有限度的。有限理性观质疑当代社会科学中流行的强势理性观及其推演出来的方法论和知识体系的可靠性, 但并不质疑人的理性本身, 摆脱了历史上形形色色的理性论或非理性论非此即彼的二元论思维模式, 为我们提供了从资源观、量化观及动态发展观角度理解和把握人类理性本质的新视角。在价值理性意义上, 有限理性是有缺陷的, 但在工具理性意义上, 有限理性具有合理性, 需要在二者之间寻找适当的均衡点。心理学的有限理性研究及其产生的广泛影响酿成了继文艺复兴的概率革命之后又一次人类理性观的革命, 是这门学科为人类知识和思想宝库做出的最重要的贡献之一, 不仅具有深远的历史意义, 而且具有跨学科的方法论意义。

关键词: 有限理性, 启发式, 满意性, 规范模型, 描述模型

Abstract:

Bounded rationality theory derives from contemporary cognitive psychology, manifests itself in economics, and radiates to many disciplines. However, different opinions exist on what bounded rationality is and what it means to people, not only causing confusion in theory but also bringing confusion in practice.

The purpose of this study is to: (1) clarify the essential meaning of bounded rationality from the philosophical and historical backgrounds of human rational evolution; (2) put forward different views on the value of bounded rationality; (3) summarize the far-reaching historical significance and theoretical value of existing achievements.

The author points out that bounded rationality is not the optimization under constraint, not to mention the irrationality. In essence, it is an objective description of the level of human rational evolution and development so far, that is, human beings are rational either in the attitude to reality or in the ability to recognize and transform reality. However, limits to human rationality are observed. Bounded rationalists question popular rationalism in contemporary social science and the reliability of the methodology and knowledge system derived from it, but they do not question rationality itself. They eliminate the dualism thinking mode of rationalism or irrationalism in history, which provides us with a new perspective to understand the nature of rationality from the resource, quantitative, and dynamic development views. In the sense of value rationality, bounded rationality is defective, but in the sense of instrumental rationality, bounded rationality is reasonable, so finding a proper balance point between them is necessary.

The concept of bounded rationality in psychology and its extensive influence have led to another human rational evolution after the “probability revolution” of the Renaissance. It is one of the most important contributions made by this discipline to the treasure house of human thought and knowledge. It not only has far-reaching historical significance but also has interdisciplinary methodological significance.

Key words: bounded rationality, heuristics, satisfaction, normative model, descriptive model

中图分类号:

B849

刘永芳. (2022). 有限理性的本质辨析与价值之争. 心理学报, 54(11), 1293-1309.

LIU Yongfang. (2022). The essence of bounded rationality and debate over its value. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(11), 1293-1309.

图/表 1

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