藏语阅读中中央凹词频效应及对副中央凹预视效应的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01143

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在不同语言文字系统中, 对于眼动控制的本质及其发生机制, 尤其是阅读过程中注意资源的分配是序列分布还是平行分布的问题, 目前仍然存在着争论和分歧。藏语是拼音文字, 但它同时又具有汉语的特点, 独具语言特色。因此, 通过对藏语阅读过程中中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应影响这一问题的探讨, 可以在一种已有研究未曾涉及的文字系统中进一步推动上述争议的解决。本研究采用眼动记录法, 设计了两个实验。实验1操纵了中央凹词频(高频、低频), 考察藏语阅读中中央凹词的词频效应及词频延迟效应, 结果发现, 藏语阅读中存在词频效应及词频延迟效应。实验2同时操纵中央凹词频和副中央凹预视词类型, 借助边界范式, 考察藏语阅读中副中央凹预视效应及中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应的影响, 结果发现, 藏语阅读中存在副中央凹预视效应, 且与低频中央凹词相比, 高频中央凹词对副中央凹预视效应的促进作用更大。两个实验结果表明:(1)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频效应, 且表现在词汇加工的整个过程; (2)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频延迟效应, 并贯穿于词汇加工的整个过程; (3)藏语阅读中存在显著的副中央凹预视效应, 读者能通过副中央凹预视提取到语音和字形信息。藏语阅读中中央凹词频影响副中央凹预视效应的大小, 且词频只在词汇加工的早期对形的预视信息的提取产生影响, 即在形似预视条件下高频词的预视效应更大; (4)本研究发现的词频延迟效应及副中央凹预视效应, 支持了E-Z读者模型中有关副中央凹序列加工的观点。

关键词: 藏语阅读, 词频效应, 词频延迟效应, 预视效应, 眼动

Abstract:

In the process of reading, readers mainly obtain information through the fovea region—in particular, the parafovea plays an important role in information acquisition. Readers can obtain certain information from the parafovea through previewing processing, thus promoting the improvement of reading efficiency, which is called the “previewing effect”. The effect of the processing load of the fovea on the previewing effect of parafovea has become a popular research focus of late. For example, studies based on alphabetic languages have found that the previewing effect of the parafovea is greater for high-frequency and short words than for low-frequency and the long words. While Tibetan is an analphabetic language, it also belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and has many similarities with Chinese. However, it is still largely unclear how to reflect the above role in the process of Tibetan reading. Will it only show the common characters of alphabetic languages or will it show some Chinese characteristics? The present study aimed to provide experimental evidence to respond to these research questions.
Two experiments were carried out on 119 Tibetan undergraduate students. More specifically, participants were asked to read Tibetan sentences and their eye movements during reading were recorded using an SR Research EyeLink 1000Plus eye tracker (sampling rate = 1000 Hz). Experiment 1 manipulated the fovea word frequency (i.e., high vs. low frequency) to investigate the word frequency effect and word frequency delay effect of fovea words in Tibetan reading. The results showed a word frequency effect and a word frequency delay effect in Tibetan reading. Experiment 2 manipulated both fovea word frequency and parafovea previewing word types with the aid of boundary paradigm to investigate the previewing effect of parafovea and the effect of fovea word frequency on the previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading. The results showed a previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading and that, when compared with low-frequency fovea words, high-frequency fovea words had a greater promoting effect on the previewing effect of parafovea.
The primary findings can be summarized as follows: (1) significant word frequency effect exists in Tibetan reading, which is reflected in the whole process of vocabulary processing; (2) there is a significant word frequency delay effect in Tibetan reading, which runs through the whole process of vocabulary processing; (3) there is a significant previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading, through which the reader can extract speech and font information; and (4) in Tibetan reading, fovea word frequency affects the size of the previewing effect of parafovea—moreover, word frequency only affects the extraction of shape previewing information in the early stage of lexical processing, that is, the previewing effect of high-frequency words is greater under the condition of shape previewing.
In conclusion, the effect of the processing load of the fovea on the previewing effect of parafovea shows the common characteristics of alphabetic languages in Tibetan reading. In addition, this study found that reading Tibetan involves the word frequency delay effect and the previewing effect of parafovea; these findings support the theory of parafovea sequence processing in the E-Z reader model.

Key words: Tibetan reading, word frequency effect, word frequency delay effect, preview effect, eye movement

中图分类号:

B842

高晓雷, 李晓伟, 孙敏, 白学军, 高蕾. (2020). 藏语阅读中中央凹词频效应及对副中央凹预视效应的影响. 心理学报, 52(10), 1143-1155.

GAO Xiaolei, LI Xiaowei, SUN Min, BAI Xuejun, GAO Lei. (2020). The word frequency effect of fovea and its effect on the preview effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(10), 1143-1155.

图/表 9

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语种	语言类型		结构		字/词间标记		透明性
语种	拼音文字	表意文字	线性结构	立体结构	隔字符	空格	发音透明	发音不透明
藏语	是	否	是	是	是	否	是	否
英语	是	否	是	否	否	是	是	否
汉语	否	是	否	是	否	否	否	是

语种	语言类型		结构		字/词间标记		透明性
语种	拼音文字	表意文字	线性结构	立体结构	隔字符	空格	发音透明	发音不透明
藏语	是	否	是	是	是	否	是	否
英语	是	否	是	否	否	是	是	否
汉语	否	是	否	是	否	否	否	是

组别	词频(次/千万)	词长(字符数)
高频组	301 ± 625	4.05 ± 1.01
低频组	26 ± 153	4.50 ± 1.13

组别	词频(次/千万)	词长(字符数)
高频组	301 ± 625	4.05 ± 1.01
低频组	26 ± 153	4.50 ± 1.13

词频	首次注视时间(ms)	凝视时间(ms)	总注视时间(ms)	总注视次数(次)
高频	256 ± 47	430 ± 180	749 ± 338	2.9 ± 1.1
低频	265 ± 42	511 ± 219	909 ± 404	3.5 ± 1.4